Literacy in America Essay

America, the most technologically advanced and affluent of all nations on the earth, seems to have an increasingly larger illiteracy rate every year. This has become and continues to be a critical problem throughout our society as we know it. According to the National Adult Literacy survey, 42 million adult Americans can’t read; 50 million are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one in every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of the students who graduate, one in every four has around an 8th grade education. Why? You ask. This problem will never fix itself and will take quite a bit of time to overcome. We need to make sure that everyone is aware of the social problems, poverty and lack of family interaction that occurs everyday in many, if not all, communities throughout America. â€Å"Nearly a billion people, two-thirds of them women, will enter this world unable to read a book or write their names,† warns UNICEF in a new report, â€Å"The State of the World’s Children 1999. † UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, points out that the illiterate â€Å"live in more desperate poverty and poorer health† than those who can read and write. (Boaz). The most important factor that contributes to the outrageous statistics of illiteracy is that of poverty. Poverty is an issue that more and more of our nation’s children are coming face to face with and the price they must pay is unbelievably high. Poverty is considered a major at-risk factor (Leroy 2001). The term at-risk refers to children who are likely to fail whether it 2 be at school or life in general because of their life’s social circumstances. Some of the factors that may place these children at-risk are: dangerous neighborhoods; young, uneducated parents; unemployment; and inadequate educational experiences. Teachers need to be aware of the circumstances that their students face and be able and ready to help these children find a balance between the cultural values that they may have and values emphasized in school. By providing emotional support, modeling, and other forms of scaffolding, teachers can help students use their strengths, skills, and knowledge to develop and learn ( Marlowe and Page,9). The United States prides itself on being a free, democratic state. Jonathan Kozol’s essay â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† states that the United States is not the democracy it claims to be. For democracy to work at its best, a true representation of the common interests and how the majority feels about those interests must be in place. According to Kozol, about â€Å"60 million people in the United States are illiterate. † For the United States to be the self-functioning democratic state it proclaims to be, it has to be a literate society. The people of the United States are not part of a democracy without the full capacity to make informed choices, and furthermore cannot reap the benefits that a democratic society has to offer if the best interests of the majority are not represented. Direct quote #2 (Madison)with signal phrase. Hypo-thetical example James Madison wrote that a â€Å"people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both† (Surowiecki, page 4). Voting is by far the most important aspect of a democratic society, and the percentage of people who do vote is a topic of much discussion here in the United States. If the number of people not voting is such a significant concern then the reasons they are not voting is 3 as well. An uneducated vote is not any better than a vote not cast at all. Imagine going to a voting booth and voting for a person or a ballot measure based on the ads you see on the TV only. In this circumstance, decisions are often made based on the negative ideas offered by both major political parties. If 60 million people in the United States cannot read, then they cannot cast a vote truly representative of their opinions. As Kozol claims, the United States has in fact become a government â€Å"of those two thirds whose wealth, skin color, or parental privilege allows them opportunity to profit from the provocation and instruction of the written word† (Kozol). The percentage of the population that is illiterate cannot choose which candidates make it onto the ballots, they cannot sign petitions, and they cannot choose which measures will pass or those that will fail. Direct quote #3 (Kozal), with signal phrase e. Of equal importance to a democratic society are the benefits that literacy provides to the public. When one is illiterate they are not able to reap the benefits of a free society. The freedom to choose enhances one’s chances of experiencing the best of anything. Illiteracy makes for a life of settling. An illiterate person has to settle for another’s interpretations of the world. According to the article ‘Democracy 101,† the ability to read opens a world that many people do not consider. The choice of where to live, what to eat, and where to work may all seem commonplace to the average literate person. Kozol uses the warning on a can of Drano in the opening of this essay to educate. It may take a moment for it to sink in but the reader will soon realize how much power reading and writing holds. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are supposed to be guaranteed to all citizens of this country. Those that cannot read or write do not have the capability to choose who are the best people suited for ensuring those rights. Perhaps more importantly the 60 million illiterate people in this country cannot make the choices necessary to make use of those rights (Kozol). References Boaz, David. â€Å"Illiteracy — The Bad News and the Good. † Cato Institute. 20 Jan. 1999. Kim, J. K. â€Å"NRRF – Illiteracy: An Incurable Disease or Education Malpractice? † Kozol, Jonathan, Illiteracy: The Enduring Problem. â€Å". Leroy. â€Å"The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and Learning. † 2001 Surowiecki, James. â€Å"The Dangers of Financial Illiteracy in America. † The New Yorker.

Death of a Moth analysis Essay

â€Å"The essay is a notoriously flexible and adaptable form. It possesses the freedom to move anywhere, in all directions† says Lopate in the introduction to The Art of the Personal Essay. Virginia Woolf in her personal essay â€Å"The Death of the Moth† uses exceptional description and detail to the point where the reader can put themselves in her shoes and see what she is seeing. Although this essay may at first appear to be just a mere narrative detailed description of Woolf’s observation of an insignificant moth that is trapped in the room she is in, through further reflection, a deeper meaning can be seen. Woolf challenges and pushes the thin line between showing not telling throughout her essay. Woolf’s ability to balance the showing and telling of the moth is what makes the essay absorb the reader’s attention. As Lopate says, â€Å"All good essayists make use at times of storytelling devices: descriptions of character and place, incident, dialogue, conflict. They needn’t narrate some actual event to produce a narrative†, can be seen in Woolf’s work. Woolf starts out by describing the setting with great detail and intrigues the reader to not only continue reading but to really stop and imagine themself in a room looking out of the window seeing the farm lands such as when she says, â€Å"The plough was already scoring the field opposite the window, and where the share had been, the earth was pressed flat and gleamed with moisture. Such vigor came rolling in from the fields and the down beyond that it was difficult to keep the eyes strictly turned upon the book. † As the essay continues, the focus on the moth begins to increase to the point where every one of the moth’s movements is being narrated by the author which can be seen through the quote, â€Å"He was trying to resume his dancing, but seemed either so stiff or so awkward that he could only flutter to the bottom of the windowpane; and when he tried to fly across it he failed. † This aspect of showing and intertwining these two types of showing in Woolf’s essay is what makes the essay seem as if starts out in a seemingly directionless and open manner only to hop onto a narrative possibility and let the momentum of storytelling lead the way to a more complex meaning. The style of the essay and the way it is written is very intriguing. Woolf is able to surround the essay around a moth, while making the real story something greater, the struggle against death. As Lopate says in the introduction to â€Å"The Art of the Personal Essay†, â€Å"the essayist happily violates the number one rule of short story workshops, ‘show don’t tell’; the glory of the essayist is to tell, once and for all, everything that he or she thinks, knows and understands†, and it apparent that Woolf follows this ideal from the beginning of the essay. Two of the best quotes from her essay that depict Woolf telling us what she is thinking about the situation is, â€Å"Yet, because he was so small, and so simple a form of the energy that was rolling in at the open window and driving its way through so many narrow and intricate corridors in my own brain and in those of other human beings, there was something marvelous as well as pathetic about him,† as well as, â€Å"Again, the thought of all that life might have been had he been born in any other shape caused one to view his simple activities with a kind of pity. † The underlying message of death becomes of greater emphasis due to this. Surrounding the story around the details of the struggle of the moth and the telling of a problematic irritation in a well written and traditional style is what enhances Woolf’s essay into a fluid a combination of both literature and philosophy. Woolf’s blend of showing, comprised of a detailed storytelling style, and telling, including a philosophical account of the situation, is what leads to a successful essay. Unarguable is Woolf’s philosophical attempt at tackling the topic of death by telling the audience what she thinks, knows and understands through lines such as, â€Å"The insignificant little creature now knew death. As I looked at the dead moth, this minute wayside triumph of so great a force over so mean an antagonist filled me with wonder†. Woolf’s storytelling opens the door to this philosophical style of writing, by complementing it with a very open, although descriptive introduction into the topic of the moth’s struggle with death.

Nursing Precpetor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing Precpetor - Essay Example This definition describes the many roles or functions the preceptor fills, and illustrates how difficult and complex it is to be a preceptor. Furthermore, being a preceptor is especially important since it affects the quality of care given by preceptees (the new nurses or student nurses which are taught and guided by the preceptors) to patients. As highlighted in the analysis of the available literature on the subject, preceptorship is an "essential part of the socialization and professional development of nurses with a new registerable qualification" (OMalley, Cunlitte & Breeze, 2000. It was also found by Davis (2003) that the professional development of nurses, which is incorporated in the preceptorship program, is linked to high quality service provision (as cited in Davidson, Glasper & Donaldson, 2005). Hence, it is obvious that the preceptorship improves the quality of care being given to patients. A preceptor has many responsibilities, which can be divided into two groups- fundamental responsibilities and procedural responsibilities. The ones of the former group are: commitment to the role of the preceptor and desire to teach and share expertise with co-workers. The responsibilities of the latter group, the procedural responsibilities, include: orientation and socialization or the preceptees to the unit, assessment of the developing objectives of the preceptees, being a role model, observing and evaluating the preceptees, giving constructive criticism and supporting, facilitating preceptees development, supervising patient care provided by the preceptees to ensure it is safe and competent nursing, documenting a summary of the preceptees performance and maintaining strict confidentiality of all preceptee-related information (OMalley, Cunlitte & Breeze, 2000, Smith, 2006). The complexity and multiplicity of the preceptors responsibilities were recognized by Cerinus and Ferguson (1994), and were

System Development Plan for The Fitness Centre Case Study

System Development Plan for The Fitness Centre - Case Study Example For example, according to one definition, an information system is an organized collection, storage, and presentation system of data and other knowledge for decision making, progress reporting, and for planning and evaluation of programs. It can be either manual or computerized, or a combination of both. In the light of the above introduction of the information system given above, it would be suffice to say that the purpose of this system is to design an information system that not only stores the concerned information, but also organize it, manage it and disseminates it in such a manner that it helps in the effective decision making in the organization and in achieving the organizational objectives. Here the term 'concerned information' refers to the information that is supposed to be used by this information system, which is the data related various fitness activities from the dimension of the members, fitness consultants etc. It is the goal of the fitness centre to be innovative in practice, excellent in service and first choice for the customers. There were days when it was considered that computers are required for NASA. However, now it is a well accepted fact that the use of information technology is required for any business process, in order to make it effective and gain competitive edge over others. The propose system will be able to facilitate all the stakeholders of the system. This means that on one hand, this system will help the users to keep a record of their activities related to the fitness centre, moreover, it will also help them to access the information directly and easily and doing so with least cost, in terms of time and money. Looking from another perspective, this will also help the management and the organization in a number of ways. For example, the finance and budgeting and planning department will be able to forecast demand and supply for next period and thus, make their plans ac cordingly in the light of the meaningful data provided by the information system. Likewise, the marketing department will be able to develop the marketing strategies in the light of the trends analyzed from the data provided by the information system. In this way, other departments will also be able to utilize the data provided by this system to achieve their own departmental goals, which will ultimately result in the achievement of the organizational goals. In this way, we expect for this system too, what an effective information system should be, in the light of abovementioned discussion. Thus, we expect this system to provide the organization a competitive edge over others, since the information system for the fitness centres is relatively newer concept in the industry and the organization can get the first move advantage. ROLES IN THE PROJECT: The Fitness Centre is required to develop a project team to work for this project from the beginning to the end. It is however possible, in fact required, that the composition of such project team needs to be changed as the project progresses. Such project team would be the cross functional team comprising of stakeholders from

Local Lawsuit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Local Lawsuit - Assignment Example This information was relayed to the company’s manager via a short message using a phone. The dealer though did not categorically state the mode in which he expected a response from the company. On receiving the feedback from the dealer, the company manager decided to respond to the offer by a means of e-mail. In his email, he indicated that the stated $550 amount was too high and that since the company needed 10 horses, he would consider paying $500 for each of the horses. This mail was also accompanied by instruction informing the dealer that if the company does not hear from them by Friday, then the company will consider the deal done and will process paying for the 10 horses (Berenson, 2005). When Friday reached, the company processed the payments, but later found out that the dealer had sold the horses to another third party. The company was disappointed on the grounds that the dealer had breached the contract and in that regard filed a suit in a court to reverse the trans action made between the dealer and the other party. The dealer on the other hand insisted that he did not reach any contract since he had not received any communication from the company and considered that the company withdrew from the deal. What the Management Would Have Done To Curb the Lawsuit Scenario from A Rising The management in this situation ought to have been aware of the way a contract should be communicated; this is in the sense that if a communication from an offeror is made in a particular pattern, it is prudent then that any response to the communication is made in the same way unless otherwise stated by the offeror. This is because ordinarily in contracts, when a communication is done using a different way other than that used by the offeror, then the offeror may not be liable for any miscommunication that may arise due to engagement of a different method. The management decided to use an alternative method to communicate back without the knowledge of the offeror. T hey ought to have observed this before communicating using the email. Again, in contracts, silence in not considered as a way of acceptance. It can only serve as a way of acceptance if there has been such earlier communication between the two and it is in their knowledge. This is accentuated by the fact that communication is done via the same means used by the offeror. Given that there was no such history between the two, it was wrong for the company’s management to construe that their communication was heeded to by the offeror. The management ought to have taken the precautionary measures of making communication via the same means. Making replies to communication should be informed by the method that has been used by the other partner, this is to the extent that if the same communication is done using another method, chances are that the intended recipient may not access on specific time bound because of some reasons. This may make the partner misconstrue that the informatio n is accepted as in the case of the company discussed in this paper. Legally, the offeror is required to unequivocally state the mode of communication to avoid any communication that will deviate from the initial means of communication. This is the issue witnessed in this case where the offeror makes an offer and does not dictate the mode of relaying acceptance enabling the offeree to choose mail - this is what led to misconstrued communication and

Writer's choice but i would like anything about technology Essay

Writer's choice but i would like anything about technology - Essay Example , assigns to the bigger Association of Waldorf Schools of North America (AWSNA) in the portrayal for its thinking of instructing to the "heart and hands" of its pupils, and for the Waldorf School of the Peninsula in Silicon Valley, the procedure eliminates the usage of technology through the perspective of communication, with the help of its anti-screens from their daily school routine, announcement. Advocates for this thinking discard technology in learning, by appealing that it prevents inventiveness, human interface and perhaps, care for more creative doings, which actions such schools describe as bodily drive, and inventive hands-on initiatives. For the Waldorf School of the Peninsula, whose followers comprise kinfolks of some of the more known high tech firms in Silicon Valley, their assignment was solely to nurture the total personality of their students with its biodynamic orchard and expansive schoolrooms, but built with the solid purpose â€Å"to offer an instructive substitute that encompassed the transcendent and were not inclined to discard but moved past technology," as elucidated in their website. While all advocates for pragmatic education are not contrasting with the essentials according to learning benefits, and standards for practice of instruction outfits such as technology in the schoolroom, Waldorf Schools keep away themselves all the more from the conventional, through describing some facets of educational responsiveness, such as technology, as not desirable within the dominion of the students daily assignments , but also through scientific reflection during a students whole presentation. Waldorf does not approve nor governs homogeneous testing and depresses the procedure of categorizing student accomplishment over counting on any math or reading program, an assessment that is required to be articulated intuitively. In a society in which adolescent education is a requirement and higher education is advisable, school systems flourish with

Industrial Relations Law in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Industrial Relations Law in UK - Essay Example The industrial relations law of a particular country have a strong nexus with its broad policies as far as human resource management and employee satisfaction are concerned. These laws imply the state of affairs within the operation sphere where the workers are the one's generating maximum profitability and efficiency through their positive contribution. (Collins, 2005) In this regard, the industrial laws deal with areas of integrating personal and organisational interest, apart from widespread applicability of suitable measures of motivation and training which in turn will contribute to the worker efficiency and a cost effective strategy for achieving organisational goals. This paper deals with the industrial relations law that has been prevalent in the United Kingdom or UK with a focus on comparing the same with international standards in terms of its right to strike and the freedom of association. The categories in this paper will broadly include legal and sociological implications and issues of the industrial law in UK. After several breakthroughs in defining the contextual implications of human resources and employee relationships, Sidney and Beatrice Webb created a stark picture of the quality of trade unionism in the 1894. This was a major revelation for the social historians of that time in context of their contribution to the analysis of the system followed in Great Britain in terms of industrial relations. This aspect of study even became a full fledged field of study at Oxford by 1908. (Hyman, 2003. p 37 to 56) It has also helped defined the right of association and strike as rights that are inherent in the employees workspace where he or she may demand a certain economic and social status depending on the level of contribution to overall productivity. This further led to the construction of a framework within which these employees can call themselves the workforce within a certain industry or organisation, and thereafter affiliate themselves with an organisation called trade union which wil l identify their rights and help them adopt methodologies like collective bargaining, negotiations and even strikes, if need be, to attain the same. In this regard, the trade unions call themselves the representatives of the workforce and fight for their rights. This has given rise to various theories in terms of collective bargaining as well as the formal conception of the right to associate and the freedom to strike, in industrial laws the world over. This revolution started with UK due its history of industrial development, where it has been hailed as an international pioneer of the industrial revolution. This is, therefore, the most comprehensive definition of the Right to Strike and the Freedom of Association in UK's industrial law, which provides for clauses and immunities under these rights. (Collins, 2005) In this case, it is imperative to move forward only after briefly touching upon the origin of this law. Thus, through a keen focus on trade unionism, which was major trend in the industrialisation process, by the scholars and historians of that time, Great Britain saw the birth and evolution of its industrial relations law, that helped define the context and framework within which collective bargaining and other activities like employer employee relations would be

Should Britain adopt the Euro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Britain adopt the Euro - Essay Example This transformation has been successful in meeting its goal. Greece has since adopted the Euro while Sweden, Denmark and Britain, the latter of which is not considered a European country, have not. Many legislators and economists have suggested that it is simply a matter of when, not if, the UK will adopt the Euro. This discussion examines the benefits the UK will retain when this eventually happens and answers the legitimate concerns of those opposed to the transformation. Certain indisputable results have occurred following the conversion to the Euro. It has eliminated the costs and risks involved when exchanging foreign currency with other counties of the EU and made more transparent the cost of products. By adopting the Euro, Britain would be allowed a place on the European Central Bank (ECB) board thus being able to participate in the economic policy of the EU.   This would enhance the political influence of the UK which in turn would produce beneficial long-term opportunities for its economy. According to many published studies conducted regarding the effect of the Euro, using a common currency has already proven to augment trade and competitiveness within the countries that use it. One study that measured the influence of the Euro on trade discovered â€Å"countries that share a common currency trade about three times as much as countries without a common currency† (Micco et al, 2003). It is clear that trade between Britain and EU countries would escalate if the same currency was used. Differences in types of money present barriers to trade because of the cost factors involved in converting it. Large corporations would save significant amounts and open up previously unfeasible opportunities of trade to smaller companies. Reducing the cost of trade will make Britain more competitive as companies will be able to charge less for products yet yield

World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

World War II - Essay Example Unlike the First World War, the Second World War had the issue of and ethnicity as a factor of conflict. This was very apparent in the way Germany and Japan waged their wars. The Germans killed many Jews and people of the Slavic race believing that they were the inferior people and believed they have no place in their realm. The Japanese believed that they were invincible and superior than any other people that they were harsh as conquerors in Asia, and very cruel to Western prisoners. Women played larger roles in society to support the war effort. Most women did tough jobs on factory production. Many women, especially in Russia, directly participated in combat operations as well alongside men. The Second World War ended with the defeat of the Axis powers against the Allied nations. Germany surrendered first when the Soviets took Berlin while Japan surrendered after its two cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by the atomic bomb of the United States. The effects of the Second World War in European culture and society were a profound stigma against Nazism and Fascist political thinking. This stigma was particularly evident to the German people who have been given the impression as a people of genocidal

Organizational Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Ethics - Research Paper Example The argument is based on the idea that some auto insurance companies refuse to pay for the vehicle damages by looking for loopholes that would invalidate the cover the customers insured their vehicles against. ISAA is one of the leading auto insurance companies in the United States (ISAA, 2014). The organization has been able to develop and maintain competitive advantage on the grounds that it has developed mechanisms of adhering to its ethical codes for a long time. This has made customers develop trust in its operations. External social pressure has been found to play a critical role in shaping the ethical conduct of many organizations (Ferrell, 2012). For instance, ISAA has been on the lookout not to mess up with the social issues affecting its customers and the public in general. Societal expectations on the way organizations conduct their businesses have been under scrutiny in the last few decades because of the increase in the social responsibility concepts that members of the society expect from every organization. In fact, organizations that practice little or no social responsibility has been eliminated in the markets and replaced by those organizations that prioritize on the same. In regard to ISAA, the organization has developed a social ethics guide to ensure that it complies with the societal expectations. For instance, ISAA has devised a program for environmental sustainability (ISAA, 2014). This makes people to have good relationship with the organization. Ferrell, J. (2012) argued that such a move puts organizations ahead as far as competition is concerned. Employees are considered as the primary assets of any organization. For the organization to thrive in a highly competitive market, it is indispensable to have workforce that have good code of conduct. This is important because their services especially when conducting business with customers greatly determine the kind of picture that they paste on the

Wuthering heights Essay Example for Free

Wuthering heights Essay Should Wuthering Heights be considered relevant in todays society? I say, yes. Although I must admit, I was very close to hating this book, not only because of the confusing situations which occurs and my dislike towards all characters, but also for much more reasons that I dont wish to point out at this moment for that we shall be here for a terribly long time if I did. However, I must also admit, the context of this book, Wuthering Heights, have portrayed many relevant themes that are still existing today, even as I speak. Catherines decision of marriage is one example. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary Nelly, I am Heathcliff. In this quote, Catherine was well aware of her love for Heathcliff claiming that they both have the same souls. She had no income or property of her own. Her physical comfort depends on the will of her father and brother and the most crucial decision of her life, to marry Edgar Linton, is determined by the fact that if she were to marry Heathcliff, they would become beggars. In my opinion, this is a case of forbidden love. Catherine and Heathcliff cannot be together as their statuses are simply too far apart. Many has pointed out that this is irrelevant today as currently, we have the freedom to marry whoever we like. Statuses and class arent considered as important anymore. But is this so? That nowadays we could say I do to whoever we desire? In the book Forbidden Love, by Norma Khouri, told on the accounts of a true story in the small town of Jordan, there is a much similar situation. Dalia, a Muslim, was in love with a Catholic man called Michael. In Jordan, it is considered extremely immoral for two people with such different beliefs to be together. As a result, Dalia was honorably killed when her secret relationship was discovered. Here, this is much like the account of Wuthering Heights. Although it is fair to argue that both stories are different; one deals with religion and honor killings when the other with statuses. However the concepts of the two are very much alike as both revolve around the idea of forbidden love. Love that can never be equated. Perhaps the procedure of murder or revenge would not appear in every situation such as this, but most definitely it will end painfully tragic. The heartbreaking story of Dalia  and Michael was real. It only happened several years ago. As I have heard in your speeches, many have pointed out that the scene of Catherines ghost was much irrelevant as opposed to todays society for that we now do not believe in the supernatural. I find this argument rather hypocritical. If I remember correctly, only a few years back, was there not a reality TV show starring John Edwards which was such a big hit, it attracted millions of viewers around the whole globe? Mr. Edwards claimed, through his television show, that he could communicate with the souls of the dead. This not only brought the attention of numerous but also their belief in him. Many say that his so-called communications is probably just a sham and arent genuine. Whether he really beholds such powers or he was simply making up his sixth sense, I do not care for that he is a person that I neither like nor like to know more of. I am merely mentioning this troublesome man to prove my point. Not of the existence of the supernatural or that ghosts do really appear through your window, but of our beliefs in it even today. As modern day citizens, our acceptance of the paranormal is still very strong. If it wasnt so, then wouldnt the ratings for a reality show of communications with dead spirits be extremely low and unpopular much like the opposite of the results of Mr. Edwards multi-million making one? Here, in the story of Wuthering Heights, the use of a ghostly scene was to attract the readers attention making the book sound interesting and engaging. Bronte addresses the bond between Catherine and Heathcliff in a spiritual way. Thus, making their love towards each other almost inseparable. As children, they had a bond that grew out of similar needs. They grew up protecting and trying to shelter each other from the abuse of Hindley and Joseph. Consequently, they developed an eternal friendship, love and affinity. One could say that they were soul mates even children. Bronte expands the notion of eternal love by creating the supernatural aspect in the story. This is illustrated when Heathcliff contacts Catherines spirit after she dies. Their souls are eternally joined so as a result, Heathcliff cannot live in this realm without her. Only their souls joined together make one. Heathcliff eventually dies to reunite his soul with Catherine. Another aspect which is relevant today and forever it shall remain relevant  is selfishness. Catherines selfish character was depicted when she wanted both Edgar and Heathcliff at the same time. In the beginning, she was introduced as a high spirited character who was wild. However, she drastically changes throughout the book. When she hurts her leg and is forced to stay at Thrushcross Grange, she returns to Wuthering Heights as a well dressed and dignified lady. She was easily swayed to the superior lifestyle of the Lintons and began to look down upon Heathcliff. She even laughs at his rough and dirty appearance and says I didnt mean to laugh at you. I could not hinder myself Heathcliff. Shake hands at least! What are you sulky for? It was only that you looked odd. If you wash you face and brush your hair, it would be alright. But you are so dirty! I as a reader was left surprised and cheated with this reversal. However, she becomes more and more selfish by the minute and even tries to change Heathcliff and begins to feel that he is in fact, beneath her. This is one of the reasons why she starts to look at Edgar in a new light. He, unlike her family, was refined, gentle, rich and handsome. When he asked her to marry him, she accepted, knowing very well that she loved Heathcliff. Ive no more business to marry Edgar than I have to be in heaven. If the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldnt have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now, so he shall never know how I love him; and that not only because he is handsome, Nelly, but because he is more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightening or frost from fire. We could her marriage to Edgar was for all the wrong reasons. Catherine even confides to Nelly, he shall be rich and I shall be the greatest woman of the neighborhood and I shall be proud of having such a husband. It is evident that Catherine throws away love for her own selfish wants and materialistic motives. She wanted Edgar for his life and riches and Heathcliff for his soul. She didnt want to choose between the two and she never really did. She toyed with both of them by marring Edgar while still loving Heathcliff. Thus, she caused pain for the two men, by causing Edgar to be jealous and Heathcliff desiring revenge. Catherines passion towards Heathcliff ruined many lives. Later in the story, she suffers from the results of the selfish and naive decisions she makes. I wasnt sorry for her not only because I find her very much annoying, but because I felt that  she deserved it they were the bad choices that she must live with. Her character was childish and spoilt who loved to be in the centre of attention. It is not surprising why she wanted to be the most powerful woman in the neighborhood. The character Catherine, not only gives us something to hate and despise, but to also learn from. Throughout the whole story she was indeed very selfish and very rarely has she ever used her head to decide. Thus, this lead to the suffering of not only her, but many additional innocent lives in both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. My point here is selfishness is something that only destroys happiness of not simply you, but others as well. This theme is not only relevant, but should be considered everyday. In conclusion, I still think that Wuthering Heights is a relevant text and should be studied by teenagers through high school. Even though I shall be feeling somewhat sorry for them, the book portrays the some of the most significant qualities of mankind. That is something that I cannot argue against.

Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques | Example Analysis

Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques | Example Analysis This work aims to perform a thematic qualitative data analysis of scripts entitled Is abortion right or wrong? A commentary on qualitative data analysis techniques will be discussed and an interpretation of findings from the scripts (Appendix 1-3) presented. A conclusion summarising the main findings will then be drawn. Qualitative Data Analysis It is the range of processes and procedures whereby qualitative data has been put in some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation to search for general statements about relationships among categories of data (Burns and Grove, 2002). Techniques Qualitative methodologies are identified by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as non statistical techniques that researchers use inductive logic to analyse yield correlations that are difficult to translate. Content Analysis Researchers state that this is the simplest and most popular methodology. According to Carley (1990) it is the systematic description of behaviour by asking who, what, where and how questions. It can also be argued that the process is much more mechanical with the analysis being left until data is collected. Gibbs (2002) further highlight that the researcher then systematically works through each transcript assigning codes, which may be in numbers or words. Thematic Analysis According to Miles and Huberman (1994) data is analysed by themes and highly inductive themes emerge from data. Data collection and analysis takes place simultaneously and prior background reading and knowledge on the topic can help to explain an emerging theme. Strauss and Corbin (1998) highlight that thematic analysis aims to understand data rather than know it. The main aim is to end up with key themes that describe the essence of the study. Although it provides meaningful structure and non insightful information it is time consuming. Strauss and Corbin (1998 p180) highlight that grounded theorists refer to the point when no new themes are being identified as theoretical saturation. When and how saturation is reached depends on the text complexity and the researchers experience. More experienced researchers are likely to reach saturation later than novices. Wilson and Hutchinson (1996 p 123) also warn against premature closure where the researcher fails to move beyond the face value of the content in the narrative. Comparative Analysis Finlay (2002) describes it as a logical and non statistical methodology. Data is compared and contrasted and the process continues until the researcher is satisfied that no new issues are emerging. Comparative analysis is often used with thematic analysis. The researcher works backwards and forwards, constantly revisiting notes and research literature. Discourse Analysis Researchers refer to it as complex and confusing. It was developed by social constructionists and is commonly used in cognitive psychology. According to Potter (1996) it is also called conversational analysis, a method that look at the pattern of speech, how particular words are used and how people take turns in conversation. Discourse analysis performs an action rather than describe a specific state of affairs and analysis is intuitive and reflective (Potter, 1996). Triangulation Analysis Involves strengthening by combining insights from both qualitative and quantitative analyses. According to Gibbs (2007), it contributes to the investigators efforts to achieve information. Myers (2002) however argues that, there are major concerns with reliability and validity in triangulation and qualitative data. How does one account for good or bad day interviews? This has been criticised by some researchers, for there is no way to evaluate precision on the investigators judgement. Computer Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software New qualitative data analysis software programmes are now available for computer analyses. The Non Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching and Theorising (QSRS NUD*IST) software is a popular programme. Lewins and Silver (2007), however argue that, although computers save time, they stop the researcher from becoming familiar with the data. As also highlighted by Alexa and Zuell (2000), a computer can undertake these processes but it cannot think, judge or interpret qualitative data. Themes The current parity between prolife and prochoice camp is mirrored in the respondents views on abortion. Given the attitude of people on abortion and the dominant images they have on prolife and prochoice, several themes can be traced for communication. Abortion is wrong in all circumstances (Prolife) Christians and most religious peoples views on abortion are much more in line with the Church and religion teachings that abortion is wrong. The profile sentiment in the respondents views is very much evident among all scripts. The official church doctrine does not allow abortion, the underlying dimension of religion being the most predictive of its position on abortion. As stated by Respondent 1 abortion is murder of helpless innocent babies. Respondent 3 further supports Respondent 1 highlighting that, God is the giver of life and should be the only one to take it. There seem to be an undoubted consensus that abortion is wrong as also highlighted by Respondents 2 and 5 who both quote Thou shalt not kill from the Bibles Ten Commandments. Respondent 6 sums up this up nicely stating that, whether raped or not, life is life, no one has the right to take it away. Respondents 1, 2, 4 and 7 also express the view that, the process of abortion is a painful, dangerous procedure that poses a substantial risk to a womans physical and mental well being. Abortion is right in all circumstances (Prochoice) Abortion is a discourse promoted by prochoice movement. Feminists argue that it is an affirmation of womens rights to control their bodies. As Respondent 1 captures, It is a womans right to choose what happens to her body it is her body not the legislators or the Churchs. It can also argue that the foetus is part of her body and utterly depends on her for viability. Respondent 2 further highlights that, Only the voice of the pregnant woman should put her future into perspective. Respondents 1,2,4,5 and 7 partly share the same view that society should not judge or blame any woman who chooses to have an abortion. The respondents clearly bring out that abortion is a paradigm, the ultimate paradigm of right or wrong. Middle of the road (Prolife/Prochoice) One striking finding from the analysis is that, some respondents agree to abortion despite being in the profile camp. Respondents 1, 2,3,5,6 and 7 all state that they agree to abortion when the unborn child poses a substantial threat to the mothers life and also in rape or incest. The respondents also highlight that abortion should be considered in gross congenital abnormalities. Respondent 5 further states that, abortion can be morally accepted only when an unborn baby is suffering from a serious illness or disability. These factors together with the fact of multiculturalism in the United Kingdom may partly explain how peoples attitude and views has varied over the years and how the balance is consistently favouring abortion rights. Conclusion The themes identified illustrate the multiple influences on peoples attitude and behaviour with regards to abortion. Although many issues were raised, there were specific elements of culture and religion that shaped the respondents views. Television Plays a Positive Role in Society | Statement Assessment Television Plays a Positive Role in Society | Statement Assessment TV plays a very important role in the building of a society. TV has changed the societies of world so much that we cant ignore its importance. First of all we have to know what the media is. TV is a source of information or communication and media plays a very significant role in everyones life. In todays modern society, media has become a very big parts of our life. Its duty is to inform, educate and entertain. TV like a bridge between the governing bodies and general public. It is a powerful and flexible tool that influences the public to a great extent. TV is the voice of the voiceless and a great force in building the nation. However, although there are some positive effects of media on people, there are also many negative effects of media on people. For example, respect for life, bad influence on children and hurting celebrities intentionally. Although there are some positive effects of TV on people, there are also many negative effects of TV on children. For example, respect for life, bad influence on children and hurting celebrities intentionally. Since the birth of communication, media has been used to convey information to those willing to absorb it. Beginning with publications and simple spoken words, and soaring to new heights in the twentieth century with radio, television, and the internet, media have been made accessible to people in every aspect of their daily lives. With such a strong hold on modern society, mass media have been able to shape popular culture and often influence public opinion. However, when abused, the power of tv can harm the general population. Biased media tend to make people strive to be someone elses idea of perfect while subconsciously ignoring their own goals. Stereotypes formed by the media that include thin, tanned women, and wealthy, muscular men have led to a decline in self-acceptanc e. The majority of media today often present the perfect body to the public, hoping that consumers will strive to achieve fitness using a certain product or idea. While this form of advertising may somewhat increase a products market share, many people suffer from inner conflicts as a result of failure to achieve the body of a top athlete or fashion model. Along with emotional conflicts, those influenced by the tv have encountered physical problems, including bulimia, anorexia, and the employment of harmful dietary plans. Unless reality is discerned from what is presented in certain media, some people will continue to suffer. Consumers could find the truth more easily if tv offered products advertised by normal people without all the extra glamor. In addition to this, if the public could view advertising only as something to get ones attention and not a portrayal of how one should look, there would be fewer problems. Until either is accomplished, the negative effects will be felt by the vulnerable, and companies will continue to make their money. Those consumers given a false impression about a product through various forms of media are the ones who suffer most from our societys portrayal of the perfect body. After being influenced by a television commercial or a magazine pictorial, certain people in this world will purchase an item hoping that the same success shown in the medium will be had by them as well. Mentally, some may feel an improvement but in reality nothing has changed. Realization of this leads to the demise of many individuals self pride. The severity of both the mental and physical damage done to the person depends on the case. Some may resort to extreme diets, more unnecessary spending, or a decline in social activity. The mental effects of the tvs portrayal of the perfect body can cause people to resort to unhealthy methods of losing weight to attain that athletic look that so many desire. Such conditions that can occur from trying to lose weight too fast are bulimia and anorexia. Bulimia is a food disorder caused by mental insecurities (Larsen, Joanne). Doctors recommend that bulimic people see a psychiatrist because the illnesss symptoms, including compulsive exercise, taking laxatives, and throwing up, can cause ones body to become short on electrolytes, which is extremely unhealthy (Larsen, Joanne). Anorexia is a similar condition in which one loses exorbitant amounts of weight often by eating very little and vomiting what minute amount of food that is actually consumed (Mathias ). In one extreme case, a young woman lost an incredible thirty pounds in a period of a month (Mathias ). Because of the constant binging and purging, ones metabolism becomes abnormal and one puts on large amounts of w eight by hardly eating anything (2). In the past, both men and women (predominately men) who were slightly overweight used a fat burning drug known as Redux. It was designed for obese individuals, but the off-label use of such drugs began rampant due to advertising techniques by the manufacturers (Lawsuit). Many people, including doctors, who were slightly overweight used the drug and have experienced pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease, and neurotoxicity (Lawsuit). Other drugs, such as steroids, have been widely proven to cause brain cancer, stunted growth, and shrinkage of the testes (Mathias ). Many student-athletes use these performance enhancers in an attempt to become as muscular as the men often portrayed by media. This problem is also present in female teenagers as well. To some girls, steroid use is comparable to diet pills and laxatives (2). The abuse of these drugs is partly a result of inaccurate advertising as well as the young persons desire to look and perform as well as the superstars shown in various forms of media. How can a fifteen year-old be like Mike without shooting up a performance enhancing steroid into his arm? The bottom line is that he can not. If TV were encouraged to present products in ordinary situations by ordinary people, there would be fewer negative effects as a result of advertising. Consumers might realize that an article of clothing is not meant solely for slender women but can be enjoyed by people of all sizes. The products may not necessarily sell because of their sexy advertisements, but rather because of the appearance of the items themselves. In the long run more customers would buy the product simply because it appeals to them. There would not be as many disillusioned people, and possibly some of the harmful activities done to lose weight could cease. If manufacturers would agree to this, it could help them financially as well. For example, in the Redux case, glamorous advertising cost the company millions of dollars in lawsuits and brand name recognition. If the product had been aimed only at seriously overweight people as the drug was originally intended, less money would have been lost, and the company c ould still haveitsgoodname. The bottom line is that people should make up their minds that they will not be negatively influenced by the media. In doing this, the public can view tv for what it truly is-a means of conveying information or supplying entertainment. Good common sense should tell a woman that the overly attractive person in an advertisement is a model and should be admired for her beauty; all women are not required to look like her to be attractive. The process of differentiating fact from fiction in advertising can not be described on paper. It can only happen in peoples minds, one at a time. As long as this method of advertising continues to sell products for companies, there will still be the gorgeous woman bouncing around ones television screen with a Marlboro in her hand and a Versace evening gown covering very little of her body. Although there is no direct solution to ending personal suffering due to the images put in front of the American population, there is a starting point. Companies can still successfully sell products without beautiful babes. Also, if certain media can be viewed for entertainment purposes only, people can enjoy the beautiful bodies before them. However, if some still model themselves after Cindy Crawford or Tom Cruise, they will keep failing to meet their extremely high personal goals. The medias negative grip on society can be greatly decreased if people remember just one thing what is on television is only an advertisement. To sum up, the effects of tv cannot be underestimated. They reach far into the foundation of the childs relationship to the world. They affect the childs values, their relationship to and estimation of other people, their relationship to themselves, their perception of reality. Even childrens programs, cartoons and education shows are not only violent in some cases, but they expose the child to behaviour that both shows lack of reverence and respect for other people, or encourages awareness of self image, which jars the child into growing up before her time. Not to mention the enormous impact and very researched field of the short-term and long-term effects of violence in the tv. Even regardless of the content watched, television, films and computer games are addictive, impoverish creativity and imagination, as well as keeping them sitting in front of a screen instead of moving and playing(Winn, Marie,2002). I think, tv can be a huge challenge to avoid exposing young children and babies to it because the tv is so much part of modern life. One thing that helps immensely is to start by weaning oneself from it. Try to watch less TV, and to sing and learn to play an instrument instead of only listening to music, and be selective and attentive to content when playing music around the child.

Capital structure

Capital structure Does capital structure affect firm value? Hypothesis: H0 : There is no a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the stock exchange Thailand. H1: There is a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the stock exchange Thailand. Research question Are there any optimal capital structure of firms in stock exchange Thailand and to examine for the relationship between capital structure and company value. Does capital structure affect firm value? An empirical analysis of firms listed in energy and utilities sector in stock exchange Thailand (SET) 1.Introduction 1.1 Background of study Capital structure plays an important role in financial management of the company. Every firms can mix of debt and equity in different way in order to increase the wealth of ordinary shareholder. There are several type of debt and equity such as common share, preference share ,hybrids ,convertible bonds and so on. Therefore the firms can raise debt and equity finance in countless combination because they need to find the best combination that minimize the weigh average cost of capital and to achieve the objective of management is to maximize the firm value. Basically better management can increase the shareholders wealth by considering the investment project with optimal gearing ratio. From that point of view nevertheless the positive investment project increase the wealth of shareholder , the financial decision is also the key to prospect company future. Groth and Anderson (1997)stated that â€Å"understanding capital structure and its practical implications is important to the professional manager regardless of functional area of expertise. The seminal work in the area of capital structure earned the researchers Nobel Prizes†. Therefore the financial managers would have a duty to determine which debt and equity are used in the capital structure could increase wealth. Typically each company is seeking for profitability by use any strategies that can bring down low cost and gain the company return and value for the operating side. In additional to the financial side is to get the efficiency combination of debt and equity because it reduces the cost of capital. However there are several debates for which capital structure do effect the company value. Is it possible to increase shareholder wealth by changing the gearing ratio or level? How can we find an optimal capital structure? Hence, in this paper will mostly discuss the literature reviews and the research methodology for answering that question. 1.2 Statement of problem Over the past decades, there have been a large number of theoretical and empirical studies appeared. The first famous theory that has been issued by Modigliani and Millers in 1958 was known as proposition 1mention that where the firms are running in the same type of business at the same particular operating risks their capital structure is irrelevant to shareholder wealth. Therefore the firm must have the same total value and they can issue any mix of fund. However the proposition 1 is based on the perfection of capital market and ignore tax , the costs of bankruptancy, financial distress and so on but in the real situation the market is seem to be imperfect. Myer(2001) argued that capital structure theory depend on some circumstances . Each theory can give us the different result regard the cost and benefits from financial strategies. This study will therefore answer the question to what extend different theories of capital structure can identify the impact on the company value in stock exchange Thailand market and are there any relationship between the capital structure and the financial performance of the company. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Modiglini and Miler Theory of capital structure Nowadays most of literature review and article have examined and expanded from the famous theory of Modiglini and Miller theory of capital structure. Start with the theory published in 1958 under assumption that in a perfect market the value of the firm is unaffected by its choice of capital structure. Therefore the total value of the firm is stable regardless of debt to equity ratio. To give support under this assumption imagine that two firm with the same operation of business but different in capital structure. Where firm U is unlevered ,the total value of its equity (EU) is the same as the total value of the firm (VU) . Additionally where the firm L is levered, thus the total value of the firm L is equal to the value of the debt less value of the equity of the firm L. As a result the total value for both company will be the same. Because Modiglini and Miler (1958) believe that when there are no taxes and capital markets function well , it makes no different whether the firm should borrow or individual shareholders should borrow . The market value of a company does not depend on its capital structure. They proved the assumption by represent that the arbitrage opportunity would emerge if the total value of the firm relevant to capital structure. The arbitrage should not be in the practical and real situation. The proposition 1 can be illustrated as VL = VU or Value of the levered firm = Value of unlevered firm In order to prove that their proposition (1958) was viable , They make assumption that there are no tax and transaction cost exist in the market. Individual and corporation can borrow at the same rate. However there are a large number of articles argued with his article because it seems to be unrealistic. Thus, in 1963 Modiglini and Miller published second literature which is known as preposition 2 to modify and fix proposition 1 by considering the corporation tax. It stated that the expected rate of return on the common stock of a levered firm increases in proportion to the debt-equity ratio. While proposition 1 says that financial leverage has no effect on shareholder wealth. In contrast to proposition 2 says that the expected rate of return increases as the firms debt to equity ration increases. This means that when the debt-equity ratio increases the risk is also increases and therefore shareholders expect the high rate of return according to the level of risk they face. Hence, the firm can take benefit as levered firm rather than keep the status as unlevered firm because the corporation can deduct interest payment as an expense but dividend payment are non deductible. As Modiglini and Miller theory stated that the optimal capital structure will exist where the cost of capital or weigh average cost of capital (WACC) minimize and the total market value of the firm maximize. Modiglini and Miller theory with tax illustrated that gearing up by raising debt finance rather than equity finance reduces the WACC and the value of the firm rise. Finally an optimal capital structure does exist at point where debt is 100% The proposition 2 can formulate as: Value of levered firm = Value of un-levered firm + Value of tax saving It is used under assumptions that there is corporation tax in the market but without transaction cost exists. The individual and corporation can still borrow money at the same rate. Therefore the best of capital structure should be 100% debt finance because of tax deductible on interest. Under criticism of theory there are a great amount of articles expanded due to can not used in the real world. 2.2 Trade off Theory of capital structure The trade off theory explains the idea how the firm chooses to raise equity and debt finance by balancing the costs and benefits. Brealey and Myer (2008) presented that each firm should set their own target debt ratio which is vary from firm to firm. The firms with safe tangible asset and plenty of taxable income to shield ought to have high target ratio. Unprofitable companies with risky intangible assets ought to rely primarily on equity financing. Trade off theory has been used widely for study corporate of capital structure because it justify the fact that to raise part of debt finance the company obtain benefit from tax saving nevertheless the firm face with the cost of capital such as cost of financial distress including bankruptcy cost and financial distress without bankruptcy mostly related to customers and suppliers because they are extra cautious about for the firm that may not be around for long. Potential employee leaving or difficult to recruit is also costly for financial distress. In addition to the firm increase gearing result in an increased level of financial risk. So that the shareholder require higher expected return in order to compensate that financial risk. However there are several articles has been question about the relevance of trade off theory. Brealey and Myer (2008) stated that the trade off theory of capital structure can explain how company actually behave because this theory successfully explains many industry differences in capital structure. High technology growth companies whose asset are risky and mostly intangible normally use relatively little debt. Graham and Harvey(2001) pointed out that Airlines can and do borrow heavily because their assets are tangible and relatively safe. There is some evidence that in contrast to the trade off theory of capital structure in real life that the most profitable companies commonly borrow the least (Ward ,1999). Because under this theory it stated that high profits should mean more debt capacity and more tax saving as a result give a higher target debt ratio. 2.3 Bankruptcy cost Corporate bankruptcies concept does exist when stock holders exercise their right to default. Where the firm is coping with the problem but the limited liabilities allows stockholders to diminish and leaving all trouble to their creditor. The former creditors then become the new stockholders and the previous stockholder left with nothing (Brealey and Myer 2008) Warner (1977) classify two type of bankruptcy costs which are direct and indirect. Direct costs include lawyers fee , accountants fee and the value of the managerial time spent in administering the bankruptcy cost. Indirect costs include lost sales, lost profits and possibly the inability of the firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especially onerous terms. He did the research by investigate 11 railroads to seek the relationship between bankruptcy costs and the market value of the firm. The evidence shows that while the higher market value railroads generally did incur higher bankruptcy cost, the cost do not appear to be directly proportional to market value. While Warner supported the direct bankruptcy cost, Baxter(1967) introduced the indirect bankruptcy cost. He developed optimal capital structure models which incorporated bankruptcy cost. These model show that the value of a firm is maximized by increasing the level of debt financing to a point where the marginal present value benefit of the tax shied equal the marginal present value of the cost of bankruptcy. Extentions of the Modigliani-Miller theory have been provided by many researchers. Titman(1984) refers the idea of indirect bankruptcy cost . He argues that stakeholders not represented at the bankruptcy bargaining table, such as customers, can suffer material costs resulting from the bankruptcy. He shows that the bankruptcy status may occur according to the firm ‘s liquidation decision. He pointed out that the firms end up with the cost that can impose on their customers, suppliers and workers by liquidating are relevant to their capital structure decision. Titman and Wassels (1988) refer there are plenty of authors have suggested that leverage ratio may be related to the firm size. They proved that direct bankruptcy costs seem to constitute a larger proportion of a firms value as that value decreases. The large firm tends to be more diversified and less prone to bankruptcy. As a result , large firm should be more highly leverages 2.4 The Pecking order Theory There is an argument that there is not necessary to find an optimal capital structure through the theory. Therefore the pecking order Theory refer to the idea that the investment is financed first with internal funds, reinvested earnings primarily and then by new issues of debt and finally with new issues of equity. New equity issue are a last resort when the company runs out of debt capacity. (Brealey and Myer 2008) In contrast to the static trade off theory Myers(1984) summarizes the concept of pecking order theory as follow: 1. Firms prefer internal finance. 2. They adapt their target dividend payout ratios to their investment opportunities, while trying to avoid sudden changes in dividends. 3. Sticky dividend policies, plus unpredictable fluctuations in profitability and investment opportunities mean that internally generated cash flow may be more or less than investment outlay . If it is less,the firm first draw down the cash balance or marketable securities. 4. If external finance is required, firms issue the safest security first. That is ,they start with debt,then possibly hybrid securities such as convertible bonds,then perhaps equity as a last resort. Base on the theory,there is no well-defined target debt-equity mix because there are two kinds of equity,internal and external,one at the top of pecking order and one at the bottom. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Brealey and Myer (2008) explain why the most profitable firms generally borrow less not because they have low target debt ratios but they dont need outside money. In the opposite way ,less profitable firms issue debt because they do not have internal sufficient fund for investment and debt financing is first resort for external financing following to the pecking order theory 2.5 The agency cost Previously Modiglini and Miller theory(1958) ignored taxation. Since then 1963 they amended the model by implication corporation tax. From that point it is suggested that the higher the level of taxation, the lower the combined cost of capital. That means if the firm use higher level of the gearing ,the higher the value of the company. The company financial strategy should choose a 99.9% gearing level However in practice most of the firm can not go for high levels of gearing because according to Modiglini and Miller theory is still far from perfect. They distort the problems which can occur from raising high level of gearing such as bankruptcy risk. There is the possibility of bankruptcy as gearing increase result in increase the WACC and the value of the share price reduce. Agency cost is also the main problem does not exist in Modiglini and Miller theory. Jensen and Meckling (1976) argued that the combination of debt and equity does affect the cost such as agency cost, bankruptcy cost and so on. The benefit of tax saving of raising debt produces an optimal capital structure less than a 100% because the benefit form tax is traded off offset the likelihood of incurring the costs. Jensen and Meckling(1976) define an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involve delegation some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizes, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interest of the principal. In addition, they identify and examine the concept of agency costs by generating the existence of debt and outside equity. They found that bondholders agency cost move in reverse direction. It is falling when the level of debt increase. Thus,it follows that at some point the minimum cost of agency will exist by combined the firms debt and equity securities. 3. Research objective The main objective for the corporate finance to study capital structure is to review the literature of capital structure in different theories according to their effect on company value and test the implication of theories that seek to justify an optimal capital structure Since 1958 Modigliani and Miller model stated that the value of the company is irrespective to the capital structure. Based on that model MM make assumption for the perfect market so they ignore the tax issue , losses from bankruptcy cost , the agency cost and so on. As a result there are several literatures have been expanded from Modigliani and Miller model. Thus, this study paper is seeking for investigation and gives the explanation for the existence of optimal capital structure and the financial performance. The aim of this research is to answer the question whether the relationship between the capital structure and the value of the firm. 4.Research Methodology In order to answer the question of the project . It is necessary to set up the hypotheses then answer them. The hypotheses to be tested for this project are as follow: HO : There is no a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the Stock Exchange Thailand (SET) H1 : There is a significant relationship between capital structure and their total market value in the Stock Exchange Thailand (SET) Sampling Method Additionally, this study also gain the data from sampling method. It is very practical and to prove that the project is reliable by identify the group of data which is the listed firms of energy and utilities sector in the stock exchange Thailand (SET). The project represents 25 listed companies ,the total amount of the share is 287,181,000 and the market value is 8,551,158,000 baht. It can be stated that the market value of the share for group representative is significantly more than half of the whole total market value(19,130,000,000baht). Therefore they can be good sample of the project. Explanatory Variables It is important to justify the variables that do affect the company value In this study there are as follow: 1.Earning per share (EPS) Earning per share is widely used to measure company success therefore it is the basic tool to indicate the company performance. Earning per share = profit after interest, after tax and after preference dividends/number of ordinary share in issue 2. Gearing Gearing is used to measure of risks. High gearing mean high risk . Gearing = Total Debt/shareholder equity 3. Dividend per share (DPS) The dividend per share is calculated to show the shareholder how much of the overall dividend payout they are entitle to Dividend per share = total ordinary dividend/total number/total number of share issued 4.Return on equity (ROE) Return on equity measures how much profit a company generates for its ordinary shareholders with the money they have invested in the company. ROE = Profit after tax and preference dividends/Ordinary share capital plus reserveÃâ€"100% 5.Data collection Methods Research design mainly focuses on data collection and sources. Therefore to research for this project will use the quantitative analysis by use the secondary data that has already been researched because of limited resources. The second data can collect from the journal of finance Economics, Journal of Banking and Finance, textbook from library, the stock market data, the financial annual report and so on. Most of the source of data such as financial statement , dividend payout ,the data from stock market to use calculate the variables is mainly available from website http://www.setsmart.com. It is the source of data open public for the investor who interested to buy the share in stock exchange Thailand (SET). However to acquire the information must have the username and password. 6. Project Planning Process Aug09 Sep09 Oct09 Nov09 Dec09 Jan10 Revised literature review * Data analysis procedures customization * * * Development of the detailed methodology * * * Secondary data collecting * * * Secondary data analysis and interpretation * * Preparing questionnaire for interviews * * Carrying out interviews * Transcribing interviews * Chapters writing and coordinating with supervisor * * * Summarized analysis of findings * * Draft Conclusions * Draft Recommendations * Final conclusions, recommendations * Project Final submission * 7. Bibliography and References Brealey,R.A.and Myers,S.C.and Allen,F.(2008) ‘Principle of Corporate Finance.9th edition.Boston:Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Graham,J. and Harvey, C. The theory and practice of corporate finance : evidence from the field.Journal of Financial Economics 60 (May/June2001),pp.187-244. Groth, J. and Anderson, R.(1997), capital Structure: Perspectives for Managers,Management Decision Jensen,M.C.and Meckling,W.H.(1976) Theory of the firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4,(July 1, 1976).Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=94043 10.2139/ssrn.94043.(accessed:24/08/09) Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1958). ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment. American Economic Review 48 (3): 261-297. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809766.(accessed:21/08/09) Modigliani, F.; Miller, M. (1963). ‘Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital: a correction. American Economic Review 53 (3): 433-443. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1809167. (accessed:22/08/09) Myers, S.C., 1984, The Capital Structure Puzzle, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3, Papers and Proceedings, Forty-Second Annual Meeting, American Finance Association, July, pp. 575-592 Myers,S.C.(1984)The capital Structure Puzzle. The journal of finance,Vol.39,No.3,(July 1984),pp575-592. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2327916.(accessed:23/08/09) Oscar,B.U shaped cost of equity function? Digging into Modigliani-Miller(1958)Mistake'(September2006). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=934550(accessed:21/08/09) Titman,S.(1984).The effect of capital structure on a firms liquidation decision.The Journal of finance Economics 13 (March 1984),pp.137-151. Titman,S.and Wessels,R.(1988) ‘The Determinants of capital structure choice.The Journal of finance Economics43 (March 1988),pp1-19. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328319?seq=6.(accessed:23/08/09) Wald,J.K.,How firm characteristics after capital structure : An International comparison.Journal of Financial Resarch22 ( Summer1999),pp.161-187. Warner,J.B.(1977)Bankruptcy Costs:Some evidence. The Journal of Finance,Vol32,Issue2, (May,1977),pp337-347.

Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools Essay -- Religion in Publ

Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools The question of whether or not schools should teach ethics and morals is misleading, because ethics and morals are two different things. Webster's Dictionary defines ethics as "a particular system of principles and rules concerning duty, whether true or false," and morals as "motivation based on ideas of right and wrong." As I take it, ethics implies a set of basic rules to abide by, whereas morals strictly set down what to believe, and what not to. I have no objections to schools teaching ethics, however I do not think schools, or any authority for that matter, should be teaching children morals. In this country, we have an accepted system of ethics that children begin to learn in the lower levels of education. This system tells them such basic rules as "treat others as you would treat yourself," "share with others," etc. These rules help children to learn how to interact with other people. A child will not learn much if he only talks with other children exactly like himself--he must be able to get along with his teachers, and his peers who may or may not be of the same background. A shared system of basic ethics regarding living with other human beings is essential in any society, and in school. Along with this system of ethics, however, we have myriad systems of morals, and it is impossible to determine which is the "right" one to teach. Morals, like beliefs, are totally subjective, and they are, in my opinion, personal. The method of Authority, described by Charles Sanders Peirce in "The Fixation of Belief," has no place in the formation of anyone's morals, because no Authority has the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. The freedom to believe what one wishe... ...uld the public school system, and, inherently, the United States government, want to educate unethical people? I believe it is because the public schools exist to create not "good people," but what Kozol refers to as "good citizens:" "defeated, unprovacative" people that will fill the necessary jobs, pay the necessary taxes, and perform all the other duties put forth to them by the federal government, such as voting, and jury duty. The fact that this process has not changed since Kozol wrote The Night Is Dark... is a testament to how well the public schools carry out their task. The solution to the problem of education we face today lies in a revolution of ethical teaching within the public schools, not in "moralizing" children with a certain dogma. A person's morals, and beliefs are things that should not be taught, but developed over the course of their life.

Venice :: essays research papers

What is the federal government's single greatest responsibility to the public? In my opinion the federal government has many responsibilities to the public, but most importantly is its pledge of protection to the public. When I say protection, I mean not only from military attacks from other countries, but by supplying funds for all the needs of the citizens. As the population in the U.S. increases and federal funds decrease, the government tends to forget all of the little people who elected the politicians into office. The people to whom I am referring are the farmers and small business owners, who rely on the government's support to protect their investments. As shipping and international money-exchange has become easier and faster, the ability for small business owners or farmers to sell their goods have conversely become harder. I believe that it is the gocernment's responsibility to ensure that these people do not struggle to earn a living. Bills such as trade restrictions, etc are created so these people can earn a living. Another type of protection that the government must provide abundantly is aid to the smaller governments, such as state or city offices. I feel that this is most important in crime-ridden, overpopulated cities, such as New York or Los Angeles. These are the great tourist attractions in America, but they don't receive the recognition that they deserve from the government. Without government funds, these cities don't have enough money for upkeeping and allow their images to become tarnished. This will cause a domino effect because less tourists will want to visit America. Less tourism means that these cities have less revenues and less importance to the government. Less importance means that they will receive even less aid. Such an effect will ruin any bright spots which still are in the U.

The Beginning of Baseball Essay -- essays research papers

The beginning of baseball has had it twist on who started the game and who made the rules to the game. The sport we know as baseball was original name stickball before it became an organized sport. Baseball was a game that many just played as part of their moderate exercise for recreational purpose or time and they used the game to stay in shape. It was usually a middle class white -collar worker who played the game. Many give credit to Abner Doubleday and his contribution to the game as the father of baseball. But many discredit Doubleday of his work and say that he didn’t invent the game. But what most people don’t know is that Doubleday actually made the rules to the game we know as baseball. According to the baseball of fame Abner Doubleday was the first to be officially recognized as the creator of baseball. Many had their doubts about the inventor of the game until Doubleday classmate named Abner Graves wrote a letter proclaiming that his friend made the rules to the game we know as baseball. In the letter he was stated to Spalding that Doubleday made changes to the rules of the local game they called town ball. He told him how a person would toss the ball straight in the air allowing another player to hit the ball with a four-inch flat bat. There would be about 20-50 people playing at one time and everyone would be scattered in the fields trying to catch the ball as the batter was trying to get to the goal fifty feet away. Grave said it was then were Doubleday got a s...

Criminal Justice Ethics

After reviewing the tutorial on criminal justice ethics, my answer on the case would have to be Report the incident to your supervisor. I choose this answer for the following reasons: 1. Partner did not use prudence when making the decision to interview the minors alone, with no parental contact and choosing not to videotape the interview/confession. Ethical decisions were not made while conducting the interview. 2. Honesty and justice for the teens were not being considered in the decision of my partner. 3.  My job as a criminal investigator is to protect the community, respect the rights of others and serve justice to the victims. When the investigator decided to take actions into his own hands and interview the minors with no parent or guardian present and no video for evidence it not only jeopardized the case, the department as well as the community. Although the minors do have a criminal history they have the right to be treated fair and by the laws set in place to protect them until proven guilty by a judge. These rights were taken from them when the investigator did not follow department policies. Although it may be clear that these teens were guilty of this crime it is now going to be very hard to prosecute them in court because the other investigator has broken rules and been dishonest. Since it is not mandatory for the parents to be present the investigator should have at least made sure to record the interview, insuring there was enough evidence to stand up in court. If there is not enough evidence when this trial goes to court it the case may be thrown out. I now feel like it is my duty to report my partner actions to the supervisor so there will at least be record of the incident should it be brought up in the future. This will protect me as well as the department should any circumstances come up as a result of his actions. My main goal is to make sure that if these teens are guilty they are not released back into the community where they may harm others. There are rules set in place within the department to prevent these situations from occurring for this very reason. In conclusion I feel that making the choice to Report the incident to my supervisor is the most beneficial to everyone involved. The victim should have some closure and sense of security knowing these criminals are off the streets. The teen suspects are now in custody and given the rights they deserve as well as possible after the poor judgment of the other investigator. We have two potentially violent criminals off the streets and out of the community preventing them from harming more innocent people. Last we have record of the incident to help protect both investigators and the department if needed.

If u forget me †Pablo Neruda Essay

If you forget me is one of the close to famous poesys by Pablo Neruda. Despite it was written around a century ago, the numbers is still very popular nowadays. As get along is a neer culmination topic, If you forget me with the main themes of passionate erotic venerate and sacrifaction has become a living clean-living for many people. The c onceital sonnet is the apo entery of a man to his lover, saying how some(prenominal) he loves her and imparting to sacrifice for her. The poem opens with a very short stanza of twain lines. The use of punctuation immediately creates a dearing atmosphere and brings the interview closer to the speaker.A list of evocative objects follows in the import stanza. Silver moon, red low, slow autumn bring up a sense of peace and calm. drive out, impalpable ash, wrinkle log evoke some occasion passionate and strong, yet well-situated and tender. All of them remind the speaker of his love, wholly of them retributory to show how much he lo ves her As if everything that exists/ Aromas, light, metal/ Were little boats/ That navigate/ Toward those isles of yours that wait for me. Pablo uses metaphor to describe his lover. She is referred to as isles that argon waiting for him.He hopes that she loves him just as he does and forget continuously be there for him. Describing the speakers feelings as little boats that are rudderless toward her isles, Pabblo has created a beautiful and unique imagery. The hoarfrost of the poem suddenly changes at the root word of the third stanza, creates a swift in opinion of the speaker. If is repeated at the beginning of the next three stanzas, followed by presuppositions most his girl not loving him anymore, thusly his reaction will be definitive. If she cabbage loving him, he will do the same.If she forgets him, he will forget her first. If she leaves him, he will has left already. It might well apathetic at first, but decode the use of metaphor in the 6th stanza reveils how m uch his love is for her, underlying indoors his bitter tone. He himself is described as a tree. In the heart are his roots. All the love will go there and he is living from it and because of it. Without this love he wouldnt be himself. The sustain metaphor is that he is describing other girls, potentiality girlfriends, as another land.He will seek there if his present girlfriend will forget him. this is significant because the hardest thing to do is to let the person you love go and face the truth. The speaker, promising himself to impinge on on, has shown that his love for her is stronger than any spoken words. The utmost stanza is probably the most important one, where his deepfelt sentiment is shown clearest. Very short lines are effectuate at the beginning of the stanza. Punctuation once again has immediate impacts on the tone and mood.Despite his lovers betrayal, at any moment if she changes her mind, he will always be willing to flash her back again, as if they have nev er been detached. Determination is expressed by the loyal pace, whereas love and caring is shown in seven-day lines. Pablo Neruda has composed a stunning chip of his most sincere confessions. A variation of language techniques is used throughout the poem. Imagery, intension and metaphor are the key devices that chair to the success of If you forget me. The poem leaves the audience a lingering feeling after(prenominal) they have long finished study it.

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Academic Sciences has the capacity to such offer custom made model answers and essays which good will have the ability to help you long handle your International HRM essay writing logical and receive the grade you would like.Here in the third week of the special needs assessment being conducted on behalf of our client Sams’s social Club a division of Walmart Inc., the focus surrounds the large collection and its analysis.Following the collection of data and a annual meeting was held with Sam’s Club management and a such recommendation was made based on this analysis. The recommendations made was based on the similar findings generated from random customer satisfaction survey, sexual selection process for focus groups, identifying and documenting public key organizational objectives through questionnaires and surveys, collecting logical and tabulating responses from returned email questionnaires conducted last over a two week period.Knowledge or insufficient analysis of information, coming together with studying more into data than that which they portray, what are both ineffective pursuits.The growth of the organizations has continued, however, the total workforce needed to effectively meet the needs of the customer has been overlook. Based on the employee surveys, workers feel overworked, undervalued, underpaid, unclear promotional pathway, especially females. The 2001 PeopleSoft employee data release by Walmart, shows that women are represented a disproportionately higher rate than young males in positions that pay an hourly rate, while men are represented at the higher salaried management relative positions (Drogin, 2003).ReferencesBerr, J.

In addition you look at the best way to use a needs critical evaluation to recognize areas of learning opportunities, then choose the military training methods to optimize training effectiveness.aspx?post=32a76b45-56ae-48d4-999e-05d807af1ca8 Lifestyle Statistics > Walmart Stores > Number of SAM’S CLUBS (most recent) by state . (2013). Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://www.statemaster.Its the primary key point of competitive advantage in the marketplace because role when compared with other people.Ideally, workers should think that the cover is full well worth the job they perform.

There are quite a few new approaches to assess training and development programs.As a consequence, senior management has.The next could be included by the strategy.Youll want to learn a lot about it.

Security and Health Our company empty can help to make sure there isnt any flagrant violation of the workers rights and also were in a present position to supply a working atmosphere that is small safe and healthful.Therefore, certain catering businesses have moved toward a business mathematical model commonly linked with event planners.He will find a term unpublished paper .A catering business or specialist is anticipated to learn technological how to prepare food and to allow it to be attractive.

How democratic was Andrew Jackson? Essay

Andrew capital of Mississippi whitethorn harbour been the fair ab erupt popular professorship in the invoice of unite States. Andrew capital of Mississippi was choose as a electric chair for his majority rule and he was quiesce getting votes from electors cardinal historic period by and by he died. provided was Andrew capital of Mississippi compositionicipatory at tot both(prenominal)y? He didnt antiauthoritarian eachy tour in a crowd of band bid existenceness partial t whizz derivative to the vile, non salaried(a) tutel get along with to the inwrought Ameri offers or non audition to brisk wave Buren that caused a extensive crap in society.capital of Mississippi was natural in 1767 on the skirt mingled with join and southeast Carolina. He was a pip-squeak with a de custodyted running game that grew up in a short family. His peasantishness was so melodramatic and replete(p) of events that they do him be survive and experience in s ituations. capital of Mississippi was voted for the governance in 1828 and was reelected in 1832. He was express to become a new geological era of current subvert in America. be placements bid different men, capital of Mississippi was non egalitarian at each(prenominal)(a) and he was a uniform claimed as behaving much exchangeable the queer. sm each(prenominal)(a) of all, Andrew capital of Mississippi was non parliamentary because he gave to a vaster extent source to the unretentive and perk upmed to be partial to them. patch it was parliamentary that he seek to offset the force amid the bounteous and the curt provided in this circumstance, he all in all took nap the robust. In muniment 3 which is a semipolitical cartoon, capital of Mississippi holds a shun in the left over(p) helping hand and a baton in the ripe and tramples on the national report and The join States chamfer. It was express that capital of Mississippi was revere on th e well-fixed and virile who may stool a go at it the travels of brass to their ingest egotistical public assistances so he ostracisees the relations calling card to recharger the slang in July in 1832 and removes the deposit. In fact, capital of Mississippi was doing to a greater extent injury to the camber and he colorful against the sloshed men in command. He may dumbfound dinky or no trustingness in what the intercourse and political relation had deemed to be in the uncouth silk hat interest.In muniment 5, capital of Mississippi awake the shortsighted against the abundant, The inscrutable and efficacious ar as well as heap except capital of Mississippi didnt bear in mind to and cost their wishes. That was non popular. In archive 2, Daniel Webster wish that Andrew capital of Mississippi was classless. It seemed to be inappropriate to his serve to Andrews Bank veto that Daniel on the whole criticizes Andrew for turning against the rich. scarce we slew see that Webster claimed that capital of Mississippi was the fighter aircraft of the bastard farmer. It back up that Andrew capital of Mississippi is so partial to the poor and honorable erect for their sides. capital of Mississippi did have classless ideas just his ideas didnt rattling hit all the great unwashed. This was totalitarian as it didnt social welfare all raft that he took the rich take down and beneficial do byd for the low class.Additionally, capital of Mississippi as well as acts authoritarianally that he didnt intromit the aboriginal Americans. In memorandum 3, Andrew looks like a king although he is chair because of non pickings rush of the essential Americans and more tribes. Since a chairman takes to cover for all volume, capital of Mississippi just cares of part of them and execration for his violence and acts only if in his scoop interests. ground on written document 8, capital of Mississippi persuaded the indig en American only when in truth agonistic them and few tribes to westmost of the Mississippi. It elbow room that he kicked them out of U.S. capital of Mississippi was non parliamentary because he moves them to such(prenominal) delusive knowledge base as the land was sunk and poor. in spite of looking at to the citizens of U.S. well, capital of Mississippi wasnt paying upkeep to the detriment that he was inflicting on native-born Americans. This i side shows that capital of Mississippi was not a egalitarian chair as galore(postnominal) sight have in mind he was.The peak of being monarchic of capital of Mississippi was in account 7, capital of Mississippi refused to hear. He want Swartwout because he had been an archean supporter. capital of Mississippi appoint Samuel to the bunk of the aggregator of port wine of bleak York instead of Buren because Swartwout was offered by mint more than Van. It is impertinent to his state of pursuance stacks wishe s that he didnt listen to Buren. Andrew went against all argue and showed a great overlook of vertical understanding when he constitute whiz of his homies who is a infamous thief. Since Samuel was in office, in that location was a soil that Swartwout absconded with $1222705.09. It was a monumental thieving This stop up bother the area economically and all told touch on the ballpark dandys. This self-seeking act was a foolish one.Although Andrew capital of Mississippi, as I stated, was an un elective chair, he was pacify affable and gentle and smooth has shrimpy democracy. base on enter 11, capital of Mississippi follow a child and took care of him. He wrote garner to his wife that he would earn an Indian son, Lynconya, I get down him to my midget Andrew and I apprehend he allow for accept him as one of our family. And the earn on celestial latitude 28th, 1823, capital of Mississippi wrote that arrange Lyncoya to take aim his adjudge and be a good male child and practise you in all things. We can see, capital of Mississippi was tranquillize democratic as he select an Indian boy and excessively buried him in the family burying ground when he died at age 14. throughout capital of Mississippis invigoration and his administration and with the above evidence, Andrew capital of Mississippi was not a democratic president at all. He unfairly acted in some(prenominal) sight but he was also democratic and liberal of adopting an Indian boy. I refrain Andrew Jackson was not as democratic as many people judgement he was. His body process towards people didnt benefit everyone.