Super Volcanoes informative paper free essay sample

What f I told you that something like the volcano that is thought to have killed all but 15. 000 members of the human population 74,000 years ago is underneath the US. as I speak? Lucky for all of us humans, we may have to face another volcano like this soon, since there is a historically destructive one in Yellowstone National Park. The volcano that possibly killed a majority of the human species and the volcano that currently resides In Yellowstone are both a special kind of volcano called d super volcano, which you will be Informed about today. A super volcano is defined as a volcano capable of spewing more the 1000 km3 of ash, pumice, or lava when it erupts. -according to the US geological survey, Volcano eruptions are measured using a unit called the VEI. To be exact the VEI is used to represent the explosiveness, amount of material ejected, and height of column from a volcano. We will write a custom essay sample on Super Volcanoes informative paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be a super volcano, a volcano must have a VEI of 8. A volcano with this much power doesnt usually look Ilke an average volcano. Instead of a cone shape, the lava In a super volcano resides underneath the earth and the volcano resembles a arge crater with a slight bulge in the center. This large crater around the center ot the volcano is a caldera. A caldera is a large basin-shaped volcanic depression resulting from the explosion of a center of a volcano. When a super volcano erupts, a few things happern First, a magma pool must form underground. The magma rises to the earths crust but cannot break through, causing pressure. When the pressure becomes too great, the crust bursts, allowing the lava to escape. The area where the lava resided becomes the caldera. There are more than 1900 active volcanoes In the world today according to After erupuons Ilke this In the past, the world has been thrown into a state of global cooling, like the ice-age. This is a volcano with the potential to wipe out a good portion of the human race. However, scientists assure us that we have nothing to worry about. They monitor activity at Yellowstone. and have found no evidence to suggest that there will be another eruption in the near future. Even if Yellowstone did erupt soon, theres no guarantee that it would be on Of2 70,000 years ago, according to the US geological Survey. In summary, a Super volcano is a volcano capable of emitting more the 1000 km3 of ash, pumice, or lava when it erupts, and having a rating higher than VEI 8. A super volcano is characterized by a caldera resulting from past eruptions. The most commonly known super volcano is in Yellowstone National Park, and has had 3 large, significant eruptions in the past 2 million years. One day, it will erupt with the magnitude of past eruptions yet again, and it will be devastating. All we can do is observe the volcano and possibly have a warning when it changes life as we know it.

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays Since the beginning of time, man has always been at work creating and developing new tools and objects to further aid our race, and make our life easier as the decades go on. From the cave man discovering fire, to the creation of atomic bomb, the human race has always developed new forms of technology, good or bad. At this current stage and age in our existence, we have stumbled upon probably the most useful technology ever devised by man, and that is Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined as the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers especially with the manipulation of individual molecules. Nanotechnology has allowed us to delve into things that were once thought impossible, and only lived in science-fiction products such as star trek. However, because of this engineering branch we might one day be able to say Beam me up Scotty as Nanotechnology deals with the manipulation of molecules, and arranging them as we see fit. Who knows, we may some day, though the use of this gifted breakthrough in science, may very well be able to replicate every cell of the human body, and transport it through some electrical means, which are managed by a computer devised of the same technology, and transfer it to another specified location. Thus we have a transporter such as the ones we loved to see function in Star Trek. Thus is the concept of Nanotechnology, and what it has to offer us. Seeing what it has done already, who knows what awaits for us in the near future. ...

Land Register Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land Register Act - Essay Example The Act of 2002: An important change brought about by the new law is the introduction of a new system in relation to adverse possession for registered land. The effect; It will make registered land virtually squatter-proof and bring clients owning unregistered properties to voluntarily register to the Land Registry. Prominent among these is the increase in the number of dispositions and interests capable of registration. These include, naming a few: Most prominent among the above is the compulsory requirement to register leases of 7 years and considered to have the biggest impact in practice. This will have an overwhelming effect on leases of 3 years and more as well. As leases are the most common type of property transaction, the new law has attracted criticism, for its bureaucracy and increased costs. The Act's objective that the Register should show transparency in all registered titles and the overriding interests to which a property is subjected to, will be reduced and in some cases lose this overriding status after 10 years. For the first time, overriding interests will be treated differently on first registration and on subsequent dealings. The protection of third party interests over registered land and the abolishment of cautions and inhibitions are an addition to the new law. Notices and restrictions can be agreed upon with the registered proprietor's consent, or Unilateral, without consent. Unilateral notices will take the place of cautions and a registered proprietor will be informed of the registration of such a notice by the Land Registry. The registered proprietor has the discretion to contest the notice and can apply to have it removed. Restrictions, apart from its present usage, will be used in cases of insolvency, where inhibitions are currently used. Another major point of discussion is the right to access of documents related to a registered title in leases and charges by the Land Registry. This ruling is seen to be quite encouraging, and is a positive move to prevent misappropriation of property by unscrupulous methods. Along with this, is the appointment of an independent adjudicator for the Land Registry who has the power to determine contested applications. However, the Act also allows any decisions of the adjudicator to be appealed through Court (Naomi Druiff & Taylor Joynson Garrett, 2002)2. 3.0 Summary Land registration has never held the centre-stage as it does

Corporation Law case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporation Law case study - Essay Example The main issue is if the selling of stocks and the responsibility of the directors. Its nesassry to tell a few words about dealing with outsiders. Also the seconde question deals with the problem of outsider trading. Express authority4 In the context of a Co, actual authority will be conferred by the Co const or, in its absence in accordance with the replaceable rules of the CA. In general, in the case of any Co with more than 1 D, authority is vested in the Board collectively - s 198A Any act lying outside the authority of the D's or the Board can be performed by the members in general meeting - s 198A(2) Implied authority of Co officers The Board may appoint someone as Managing Director (must be one of their own number - replaceable rule s 201J), conferring on that person the powers of the Board - s 198C(1). According to the articles concerning duties of directors one of theliste every managing director is obliged to act in good faith in the best interests of the corp and to use powers for a proper purpose - s 181.5 In this case the managing director haven't acted in the best iint of the company because the board of directors had rejected the contract. So mister Lam is responsible for comensation the losses to the company. Also he have to take responsibility of information given about the information given on the new project because he promised the increase in productivity of about 100%. The law prohibits insider trading. Generally, D's do not owe a fiduciary duty to individual s'holders Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 - shareholders offered to sell shares to directors - directors already negotiating to sell shares at much higher price but did not inform s'holders - court held no fiduciary duty to shareholders,... The second question concerns different articles of the corporate law. There is some information about the corporations' law. The main issue is if the selling of stocks and the responsibility of the directors. Its nesassry to tell a few words about dealing with outsiders. Also the seconde question deals with the problem of outsider trading. According to the articles concerning duties of directors one of theliste every managing director is obliged to act in good faith in the best interests of the corp and to use powers for a proper purpose - s 181.5 In this case the managing director haven't acted in the best iint of the company because the board of directors had rejected the contract. So mister Lam is responsible for comensation the losses to the company. Also he have to take responsibility of information given about the information given on the new project because he promised the increase in productivity of about 100%. The law prohibits insider trading. Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 - shareholders offered to sell shares to directors - directors already negotiating to sell shares at much higher price but did not inform s'holders - court held no fiduciary duty to shareholders, and so they could not recover. Primary prohibition in s 1043A(1) - insider may not purchase or sell shares in Co or get anyone to do that for him.

Crito Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito - Research Paper Example Euthyphro identifies with Socrates because people laugh at him when he predicts the future. On the other hand, Euthyphro is accusing his father of murder. His father, by neglect, had let a servant who had killed another servant die in a ditch while awaiting instruction on what to do with him. Socrates taunts Euthyphro if he has such a precise knowledge of right and wrong and if so, whether what he is doing is not a wrong. The debate shifts to the discussion about what is holly and what is unholy, Socrates wants to learn from Euthyphro. Euthyphro argues that not prosecuting offenders because they are your relatives is unholy. He proves this by reminding Socrates of the god Zeus who is said to be the most just. Zeus, he says, bound his father Cronos because he had devoured his own sons. Socrates is indeed doubtful about the tales about the gods. Socrates asks Euthyphro to provide him with a standard by which to measure things as holy or unholy. Euthyphro says that holy things are dear to gods, and unholy things are not dear to the gods. Socrates remarks that gods also argue until they fight. He also points out that such arguments can only be about right or wrong. Socrates then brings out the flaw in such a definition by leading Euthyphro to admit that something considered dear to the gods is also, on the other hand, not dear to the gods; otherwise, they would not argue and fight. They both proceed to come up with another definition of purity. That what all the gods hate is impure and what they all love is pure, but what some gods love and others hate is both pure and impure. Unexpectedly, Socrates also punches holes in this definition. He asks whether the holy become holy because the gods love them or the gods adore them due to their holiness. They then agree that which is precious to the gods is also precious to them because they love it and not the other way round. This, Socrates points out is a contradiction and continues to demand another distinction between holy and unholy. Euthyphros, at this point gives up, but Socrates continues trying to come up with a distinction. He later proves that fear does not always result to reverence but reverence results to fear, which goes against the words of a poem on Zeus. On that, Socrates proves that piety is only a part of the bigger concept of justice. Euthyphros then asserts that piety is a part of justice, which concerns the gods. The word he uses ‘attention’ leads Socrates to enquire whether it is the attention that improves something. Euthyphro then gives another definition. That piety is sacrificing and praying to the gods. He expresses the idea of doing business with the gods. Socrates also wants Euthyphro to state to what benefit the gifts to the gods are. Instead, he says they are a show of honor and esteem. Thereby he admits that piety depends on what the gods like, which they had assumed not to be the case. The discussion becomes circular, and Euthyphros abandons the dialogu e. According to J. Adam, Euthyphro represents Plato’s perception on the Athenian orthodoxy that was common. Euthyphro represents the mindset that led to the murder of Socrates (Berversluis 161). Euthyphro is an example of a- know- it- all, ignorant of his ignorance. He flaunts his knowledge in matters of religion and even adopts a fatherly tone towards Socrates. He is overconfident and uncritical to the extent that he does not realize that Socrates is not taking him

The Turbidity Test for Pasteurized Milk

The Turbidity Test for Pasteurized Milk Milk and dairy products, such as cream and yoghurt, are an important food group in the food pyramid. This food group provides us with calcium, which is not only crucial in strengthening our bones, but also important in many biological processes, such as facilitating the release of neurotransmitters that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse. Since dairy products serve such importance in our diet, dairy products manufacturing industry takes extra precaution in ensuring that these products meet the guidelines set by statutory bodies, one of which is that the maximum lactic acid content allowed in milk is 0.15% w/w. Hence, the industry will employ various methods to determine the quality of milk. As such, in order to better understand these industrial methods, 2 groups of experiments relating to titratable acidity (TA) of selected foods and turbidity test for pasteurized, UHT and sterilized milk were carried out. The titratable acidity test allows us to determine the titratable acidi ty of a sample as lactic acid (for dairy products) or citric acid (for lemon curd) equivalent. Basically, TA, as an acid equivalent, of a food product measures the total amount of that particular reference acid in the selected food. This reference acid is the major acid component, amongst all types of acid present in the food, which we want to quantify. TA is different from pH as pH only measures the [H+] dissociated from the acid molecules. Hence, TA is a more accurate measure of the degree of spoilage of dairy products than pH. The turbidity test however, serves a different function in terms of quality control. It is usually used by the industry to test if sterilized milk products have been sufficiently sterilized. Titratable Acidity of Selected Foods Materials Phenolphthalein as indicator 50.00ml burette 10.0ml graduated pipette White porcelain basin Magnetic stirrer Experiment 1: Titratable Acidity of Milk Pasteurized milk (Farmhouse Fresh Milk), expires on 20/9/12 UHT milk (Marigold UHT Full Cream), expires on 15/6/13 0.01M sodium hydroxide (actual concentration is 0.0107M) Experiment 2: Titratable Acidity of Cream Sour cream (Bulla Sour Cream), expires on 14/9/12 Yoghurt (FN Alive Yoghurt), expires on 11/9/12 0.1M sodium hydroxide (actual concentration is 0.105M) pH meter Experiment 3: Titratable Acidity of Lemon Curd Lemon curd (Waitrose lemon curd), expired on Feb 12 0.1M sodium hydroxide (actual concentration is 0.105M) Methods Titration of selected food products against NaOH of known concentrations were carried out in order to determine the titratable acidity of these food products. The titratable acidity in lactic acid or citric acid equivalent was then determined by via stoichiometric ratio of the acid to the amount of NaOH, as seen in the stoichiometric calculations below. 3 sets of titrations for 3 different groups of food products, mainly pasteurized milk and UHT milk, sour cream and yoghurt, and lemon curd, were carried. Experiment 1: Titratable Acidity of Milk 10.0 ml of pasteurized milk was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was then added to this sample. The burette was filled up with 0.01M NaOH and then titrated against the pasteurized milk sample. End-point of titration was identified when a pale pink colouration persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and final burette readings were recorded in Table 1 below. The procedure was repeated thrice for both pasteurized and UHT milk. Experiment 2: Titratable Acidity of Cream 10.00 g of sour cream was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 10.0 ml of water was added to the sample and mixed and pH was then measured. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the diluted sample. The burette was filled up with 0.1M NaOH and then titrated against the sour cream sample. End-point of titration was identified when a pale pink colouration persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and final burette readings were recorded in Table 2 below. The procedure was repeated thrice for both sour cream and yoghurt. Experiment 3: Titratable Acidity of Lemon Curd 10.00 g of lemon curd was transferred to a white porcelain basin. 10.0 ml of water was added to the sample and mixed. 1.0 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was added to the diluted sample. The burette was filled up with 0.1M NaOH and then titrated against the lemon curd sample. End-point of titration was identified when a pale pink colouration persisted for at least 10 s. Initial and final burette readings were recorded in Table 3 below. The procedure was repeated two more times. Results Experiment 1: Titratable Acidity of Milk Table 1: Titration of pasteurized and UHT milk against 0.01M NaOH Milk sample vol. of milk measured (ml) average vol. of milk (ml) initial burette reading (ml) final burette reading (ml) vol. of NaOH used (ml) average vol. of NaOH used* (ml) ÂÂ  Pasteurized Milk 10.0 10.0 50.00 37.65 12.35 12.35 10.0 37.65 25.15 12.50 10.0 25.15 12.80 12.35 ÂÂ  UHT Milk 10.0 10.0 50.00 37.70 12.30 12.30 10.0 37.70 25.30 12.40 10.0 25.30 13.00 12.30 Pasteurized Milk CH 3 CH OH C O- Na+ O CH 3 CH OH C OH O + NaOH Ã   + H2O (1) Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x [NaOH] = (12.35/1000)(0.0107) = 1.32 x 10-4 mol From (1), lactic acid : NaOH is 1:1 amount of lactic acid in 10.0ml of pasteurized milk = 1.32 x 10-4 mol Concentration of lactic acid (in mol/100mL) equivalent in pasteurized milk = (1.32 x 10-4) / (10/100) = 1.32 x 10-3 mol/100mL Concentration of lactic acid equivalent in g/100mL in pasteurized milk = (molar concentration (in mol/100mL) of lactic acid equivalent) x (molar mass of lactic acid) = (1.32 x 10-3)(90.08) = 0.119 g/100mL UHT Milk Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x [NaOH] = (12.30/1000)(0.0107) = 1.31 x 10-4 mol From (1), lactic acid : NaOH is 1:1 amount of lactic acid in 10.0ml of UHT milk = 1.31 x 10-4 mol Concentration of lactic acid (in mol/100mL) equivalent in UHT milk = (1.31 x 10-4) / (10/100) = 1.31 x 10-3 mol/100mL Concentration of lactic acid equivalent in g/100mL in UHT milk = (molar concentration (in mol/100mL) of lactic acid equivalent) x (molar mass of lactic acid) = (1.31 x 10-3)(90.08) = 0.118 g/100mL From the calculations, it can be seen that both the titratable acidities of pasteurized milk and UHT milk in lactic acid equivalent are below 0.15%, the maximum allowed titratable acidity of milk in lactic acid equivalent. As such, both samples are deemed safe for consumption. The titratable acidity of pasteurized milk is also observed to be slightly above that of UHT milk by a very minute concentration of 0.001 g/100mL. This suggests that pasteurized milk contains slightly more microbes than UHT milk, which goes in tandem with the properties of pasteurized milk. This is because pasteurized milk is heated to about 65oC for at least 30 minutes in order to preserve the flavor of milk, while UHT milk is heated at 135oC for about 2 seconds6. Hence, fewer microbes are killed in pasteurized milk than UHT milk. As such, pasteurized milk will have slightly higher lactic acid concentration which is produced from the fermentation of lactose by microbes. However, the magnitude of difference of 0.001 g/100mL obtained from the titration results is too small to make the above conclusive deduction. The average vol. of NaOH used is almost identical for both milk samples as there is only a difference of 0.05 ml, making the titration results somewhat anomalous. The main reason for this anomaly is the subjectivity of the end-point of titration. The colour change of phenolphthalein from colourless to pale pink is very difficult to ascertain by naked eye for the inexperienced, unlike workers in this industry who carry out large volumes of titrations every day. As such, the faint pink that I observed in pasteurized milk is most probably not the true end-point of titration or it could be that the faint pink I observed in UHT milk is over the end-point of titration for UHT milk. Experiment 2: Titratable Acidity of Cream Table 2: Titration of sour cream and yoghurt against 0.1M NaOH Cream sample pH of sample average pH mass of sample (g) average mass of sample (g) initial burette reading (ml) final burette reading (ml) vol. of NaOH used (ml) average vol. of NaOH used* (ml) ÂÂ  Sour Cream 4.48 4.49 10.00 10.00 50.00 44.60 5.40 5.40 4.50 10.01 44.60 39.20 5.40 4.50 9.99 39.20 33.80 5.40 ÂÂ  Yoghurt 4.43 4.38 10.01 9.99 50.00 37.90 12.10 12.30 4.34 10.00 37.90 25.60 12.30 4.38 9.98 25.60 13.30 12.30 Sour Cream Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x [NaOH] = (5.40/1000)(0.105) = 5.67 x 10-4 mol From (1), lactic acid : NaOH is 1:1 amount of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream = 5.67 x 10-4 mol Mass of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream = (amount of lactic acid) x (molar mass of lactic acid) = (5.67 x 10-4)(90.08) = 0.0511g Concentration of lactic acid equivalent (in %w/w) in sour cream = (mass of lactic acid in 10.00g of sour cream) / (average mass of sour cream) x 100% = (0.0511) / (10.00) x 100% = 0.511% (w/w) Yoghurt Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x [NaOH] = (12.30/1000)(0.105) = 1.29 x 10-3 mol From (1), lactic acid : NaOH is 1:1 amount of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt = 1.29 x 10-3 mol Mass of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt = (amount of lactic acid) x (molar mass of lactic acid) = (1.29 x 10-3)(90.08) = 0.116 g Concentration of lactic acid equivalent (in %w/w) in yoghurt = (mass of lactic acid in 9.99g of yoghurt) / (average mass of yoghurt) x 100% = (0.116) / (9.99) x 100% = 1.16% (w/w) From the results of this experiment in Table 2, we can see that titratable acidity is not equal to pH, and it shares an inverse relationship with pH, where pH = -lg[H+]. This is because lactic acid is an organic acid and hence it is a weak acid. As such, lactic acid only partially dissociates, giving a [H+] that is lower than the total lactic acid concentration. This is due to the low acid dissociation constant, Ka, of lactic acid. However, by proportionality, it is observed that higher concentrations of lactic acid molecules will give a higher deprotonated [H+]. This is observed in Table 2 where the lower pH of yoghurt corresponds to a higher average volume of NaOH required to neutralize the lactic acid present. In addition, another observation is that yoghurt requires more than twice the volume of 0.1M NaOH to neutralize the lactic acid present as compared to sour cream even though yoghurt is lower in pH by 0.11. This is mainly attributed to the presence of probiotics added into yoghurt. As such, this means that more lactose in yoghurt is converted into lactic acid, resulting in the marked difference in average vol. of NaOH required for neutralization. This second observation also proves that pH is not a true measure of total lactic acid content in dairy products as this small difference in pH is accompanied by a larger than proportionate difference in volume of NaOH required for neutralization. Experiment 3: Titratable Acidity of Lemon Curd Table 3: Titration of lemon curd against 0.105M NaOH Sample mass of sample (g) average mass of sample (g) initial burette reading (ml) final burette reading (ml) vol. of NaOH used (ml) average vol. of NaOH used* (ml) Lemon Curd 10.00 10.00 50.00 29.20 20.80 20.35 10.00 29.20 8.90 20.30 10.00 50.00 29.60 20.40 *As 3 sets of titration were conducted for each sample in order to improve the precision and reproducibility of the titration results, the average volume of NaOH was taken as the average of the 2 closest values of vol. of NaOH used in titration so as to be more precise. C Na+O- O CH 2 C OH C O- Na+ O CH 2 C O- Na+ O C HO O CH 2 C OH C OH O CH 2 C OH O + 3NaOH Ã   + 3H2O (2) Amount of NaOH used = (Average vol. of NaOH used) x [NaOH] = (20.35/1000)(0.105) = 2.14 x 10-3 mol From (2), citric acid : NaOH is 1:3 amount of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd = (amount of NaOH used) / 3 = 7.13 x 10-4 mol Molar mass of citric acid = 6(12) + 8(1) + 7(16) = 192 g mol-1 mass of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd = (amount of citric acid) x (molar mass of citric acid) = (7.13 x 10-4)(192) = 0.137 g Concentration of citric acid equivalent (in % w/w) in lemon curd = (mass of citric acid in 10.00g of lemon curd) / (average mass of lemon curd) x 100% = (0.137) / (10.00) x 100% = 1.37% (w/w) As calculated above, the concentration of citric acid equivalent in lemon curd is 1.37% (w/w), which is well above the minimum standard of 0.33% (w/w) set by legislation in some parts of the world. Hence, it can be deduced that this sample of lemon curd has passed the quality control measure. Citric acid is used as the reference for quality control of lemon curd mainly because citric acid is present in the largest quantity in lemons. Hence, measuring citric acid concentration present will be a good measure of the quality of the lemon curd. As such, this is a quality lemon curd sample. Even though this lemon curd product expired on February 2012, the citric acid content should not be significantly affected by microbial decomposition mainly because the acidic environment due to citric acid is not suitable for most bacteria to thrive. Discussion There are a few experimental procedures which can be improved on. Firstly, as mentioned in the results of experiment 1, the faint pink observed to mark the end-point of titration is subject to a large margin of human error. As such, a better method to solve the issue of colour subjectivity is to use a colorimeter to determine an intensity of pink as the end-point of titration, thus eliminating any inaccuracies that result from human error. Secondly, it was observed that the dilution of products of a more viscous consistency, such as sour cream and lemon curd, did not yield a homogenous consistency as compared with the milk samples and yoghurt. As such, the titrated NaOH may not have actually reacted with all the acid molecules as some acid molecules may be trapped inside the granular particles. This can be overcome by vortexing the cream and water mixture in a sealed round-bottom conical flask to ensure a homogenous solution is obtained, allowing us to obtain more accurate titration results. Thirdly, for runny liquid samples such as milk, there is a risk of spillage due to splashing when the magnetic stirrer operates probably due to the large exposed opening of the porcelain basin. Splashing can be overcome by using a conical flask to contain the samples and place a white tile under the conical flask so that the change in colour of milk can be made more obvious. This is because a conical flask has a much narrower neck and therefore a significantly narrower opening, thus minimizing spillage from splashing. In this way, more accurate titration results can be obtained. For lemon curd, simply measuring the citric acid concentration is insufficient to conclude a quality product. This is mainly due to the possibility of adulteration of lemon curd by adding more citric acid chemical, just like how milk was adulterated by the adding melamine. As such, additional qualitative methods can be employed, such as measuring the concentration of certain chemical substances more unique to lemon, such as limonene. Turbidity test for pasteurized, UHT and sterilized milk Materials Ammonium sulphate powder Pasteurized milk UHT milk Sterilized milk Method 4.0g of ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, was dissolved in 20.0 ml of pasteurized milk. The mixture was allowed to stand for at least 5 min and subsequently filtered. 5 ml of the filtrate was collected in a test-tube and then placed in boiling water bath for at least 5 min. The test-tube containing filtrate was then cooled in cold water and the contents were examined for presence of turbidity. Results Discussion Table 4: Turbidity test results Sample Observation Pasteurized milk A cloudy pale yellow solution with precipitation was observed. UHT milk A cloudy pale yellow solution was observed. Sterilized milk A clear pale yellow solution was observed. The turbidity test is useful in telling us if a sample of milk is sufficiently sterilized, whereby a clear solution will be observed. The turbidity test is first carried out by adding a denaturing agent, usually ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, to the milk sample. As NH4+ exhibits acidic properties, as shown in the following equation, NH4+ + H2O Ã   NH3 + H3O+ this addition of ammonium ions will bring about an increase in [H+], resulting in the disruption of casein micelle structure. This causes casein proteins to precipitate and coagulate as they interact with the ammonium and sulphate ions. For those casein and whey proteins that are already denatured by heat treatment during processing, ammonium and sulphate ions will form interactions with the charged R-groups of the acidic and basic amino acid residues, causing them to precipitate out of the solution. These precipitate are obtained as the residue from filtration. The filtrate obtained contains mostly undenatured whey proteins and probably some unprecipitated protein molecules encapsulated in the casein micelle structure amidst a solution of ammonium sulphate and other soluble milk products such as lactose. Upon heat treatment in a 100oC water bath, the milk proteins denature and are thus exposed to ammonium sulphate. They undergo the same mode of action with ammonium sulphate as described above, resulting in the observed precipitation. Referring to AVA regulations, pasteurised milk is defined to be milk that has been subjected to a single heat-treatment of 62.8 65.6oC for at least 30 min or 72 73.5oC for at least 15 s; UHT milk is defined as milk that has been heated at a temperature of at least 135oC for at least 2 s; sterilized milk is milk heated to 100oC long enough to sufficiently kill all microbes. As such, sterilized milk will have all the casein and whey proteins fully denatured and free in the milk due to prolonged heating. Whereas UHT milk will have a slight concentration of undenatured proteins present due to a short high heat treatment. For pasteurized milk however, it will contain the highest concentration of undenatured proteins due to lowest heat treatment temperature. Hence, the experimental observation in Table 4 clearly fits the hypothesis. On a side note, the yellow pale solution observed is most likely due to the Maillard reaction between lactose in and amino compounds in milk. Conclusion Titratable acidity and the turbidity test for milk is but only 2 out of the many methods that the milk processing industry employs to ensure that the heat treatments have produced milk that are safe for human consumption. The main disadvantage that lies with milk treated with higher heat processes is the loss of flavour. The nutrients that are lost during heat are usually replaced (e.g. enriched milk) and hence this is less of a concern for milk. As such, it is the companys decision on whether to process milk with an emphasis on taste or shelf-life. Nevertheless, it is of utmost importance that the milk products remain well within the margin of safety as stated by regulations. At the same time, regulatory bodies need to stay alert and play a part in ensuring that companies follow the safety guidelines, less an incident like the adulteration of dairy products through melamine addition may occur again.

Do You Advocate Or Oppose Social Media? Essay

Advocates of the Social Media say that these communities facilitate social and political change; offer teachers, librarians, and students valuable access to educational support and materials; promote increased interaction with friends and family and broadcast useful information rapidly. Opponents say that these sites alter children’s brains and behavior; waste time on frivolous activity; prevent face-to-face communication; expose users to predators like pedophiles and burglars and spread false and potentially dangerous information. In this paper I will give a brief history of the Social Media and will also enumerate in an unbiased way some pros and cons of the Social Media. History of the Social Media SixDegrees.com, which existed from 1997-2001, is considered the first social networking site because it allowed users to create personal spaces and connect to friends online. Friendster, created in 2002, popularized social networking in the United States but was quickly outpaced by other social networking sites like: MySpace (2003), Facebook (2004), Twitter (2006), Pinterest (2009), and Google+ (2012). Facebook reported one billion monthly users worldwide on October 4, 2012, making it the most popular social networking site with one in seven people on the planet using the site. Every day, Facebook manages 2.7 billion â€Å"Likes,† 300 million photo uploads, and 2.5 billion status updates and check-ins. Twitter, the second largest social networking site, had an estimated 107.7 million users in the United States (as of Jan. 31, 2012) and 500 million worldwide users (as of Sep. 28, 2012). Pinterest is the third largest social network with 23 million unique visitors in July 2012, followed by LinkedIn, Tagged, Google+, and MySpace. 59% of all Internet users use at least one social networking site and 56% of social networking users are female. Social Media Pros Social networking sites spread information faster than any other media. Over 50% of people learn about breaking news on social media. 65% of traditional media reporters and editors use sites like Facebook and LinkedIn for story research, and 52% use Twitter. Social networking sites are the top news source for 27.8% of Americans, ranking close to newspapers (28.8%) and above radio (18.8%) and other print publications (6%). Twitter and YouTube users reported the July 20, 2012 Aurora, CO theater shooting before news crews could arrive on the scene, and the Red Cross urged witnesses to tell family members they were safe via social media outlets. (Hughes & Pesce, 2012). Law enforcement uses social networking sites to catch and prosecute criminals. 67% of federal, state, and local law enforcement professionals surveyed think â€Å"social media helps solve crimes more quickly.† In 2011 the NYPD added a Twitter tracking unit and has used social networking to arrest criminals who have bragged of their crimes online. When the Vancouver Canucks lost the 2011 Stanley Cup in Vancouver, the city erupted into riots. Social media was used to catch vandals and rioters as social networking site users tagged the people they knew in over 2,000 photos posted to the sites. (Global Post, 2012). Social networking sites help students do better at school. 59% of students with access to the Internet report that they use social networking sites to discuss educational topics and 50% use the sites to talk about school assignments. After George Middle School in Portland, OR introduced a social media program to engage students grades went up by 50%, chronic absenteeism went down by 33%, and 20% of students school-wide voluntarily completed extra-credit assignments. (Delmatoff, 2010). Social networking sites allow people to improve their relationships and make new friends. 70% of adult social networking users visit the sites to connect with friends and family, and increased online communication strengthens relationships. 52% of teens using social media report that using the sites has helped their relationships with friends, 88% report that social media helps them stay in touch with friends they cannot see regularly, 69% report getting to know students at their school better, and 57% make new friends. (Common Sense Media, 2012). Social media helps empower business women. Being able to connect on social networking sites gives business women a support group not readily found offline where female CEOs of Fortune 500 companies are outnumbered by male CEOs 15 to 485. Many social media sites are dominated by women: 72% of Pinterest users are women, 58% of Facebook users, 62% of MySpace users, 60% of Yelp users, and 53% of Instagram users. Business women useTwitter chats to support each other, give and receive peer knowledge, and have guest â€Å"speakers† share expert knowledge. One.org helps African women entrepreneurs connect on social media to grow their businesses. (One.org, 2012). Social media sites help employers find employees and job-seekers find work. 64% of companies are on two or more social networks for recruiting because of the wider pool of applicants, more efficient searches, and no need for an outside recruiter. 89% of employers have hired employees through LinkedIn, 26% through Facebook, and 15% through Twitter. One in six job-seekers credit social media for helping find their current job. 52% of job-seekers use Facebook for the job search, 38% use LinkedIn, and 34% use Twitter. (Jobvite, 2012). Social Media Cons Social media enables the spread of unreliable and false information. 49.1% of people have heard false news via social media. On Sep. 5, 2012 false rumors of fires, shootouts, and caravans of gunmen in a Mexico City suburb spread via Twitter and Facebook caused panic, flooded the local police department with over 3,000 phone calls, and temporarily closed schools. Shashank Tripathi, tweeting as @ComfortablySmug, spread false information in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy by posting on Twitter that the New York Stock Exchange was flooding and that the power company would cut off electricity to all of Manhattan; the bogus information was picked up by national news outlets including CNN and the Weather Channel. (Laird, 2012). Social networking sites lack privacy and expose users to government and corporate intrusions. 13 million users said they had not set or did not know about Facebook’s privacy settings and 28% shared all or nearly all of their posts publicly. The US Justice Department intercepted 1,661 pieces of information from social networking sites and e-mails in 2011. The 2009 IRS training manual teaches agents to scan Facebook pages for information that might â€Å"assist in resolving a taxpayer case.† 4.7 million Facebook users have â€Å"liked† a health condition or medical treatment page, information that is sometimes used by insurance companies to raise rates. (Nance-Nash, 2011). Students who are heavy social media users tend to have lower grades. Students who use social media had an average GPA of 3.06 while non-users had an average GPA of 3.82 and students who used social networking sites while studying scored 20% lower on tests. College students’ grades dropped 0.12 points for every 93 minutes above the average 106 minutes spent on Facebook per day. Two-thirds of teachers believe that social media does more to distract students than to help academically. (Lanir, 2012). Social networking sites can lead to stress and offline relationship problems. A University of Edinburgh Business School study found the more Facebook friends a person has, the more stressful the person finds Facebook to use. According to a Feb. 9, 2012 Pew Internet report, 15% of adult social network users had an experience on a social networking site that caused a friendship to end, 12% of adult users had an experience online that resulted in a face-to-face argument, and 3% of adults reported a physical confrontation as the result of an experience on a social networking site. (Rainie, Lenhart & Smith, 2012). Social networking sites entice people to waste time. 40% of 8 to 18 year olds spend 54 minutes a day on social media sites. 36% of people surveyed listed social networking as the â€Å"biggest waste of time,† above fantasy sports (25%), watching TV (23%), and shopping (9%). When alerted to a new social networking site activity, like a new tweet or Facebook message, users take 20 to 25 minutes on average to return to the original task. In 30% of cases, it took two hours to fully return attention to the original task. 42% of American Internet users play games like Farmville or Mafia Wars on social networking sites. (Willis, 2012). Using social media can harm job stability and employment prospects. Job recruiters reported negative reactions to finding profanity (61%), poor spelling or grammar (54%), illegal drugs (78%), sexual content (66%), pictures of or with alcohol (47%), and religious content (26%) on potential employees’ social media pages. Anthony Weiner, former US Representative, was forced to resign after a Twitter sexting scandal in 2011. Several athletes were banned from the 2012 Olympics because of their racist social media posts. (Recuero, 2012). Conclusion After reviewing this information, do you see yourself as an advocate or opponent of the Social Media? Do you believe that the Social Media facilitates social and political change, is valuable to education, promotes relationships and broadcasts useful information rapidly? Do you believe the Social Media alters children’s behavior, is a waste of time, prevents personal communication, is a useful tool for predators and burglars and spreads false information? I see myself as neutral in regards to either advocating or opposing the Social Media. I do see positive things coming from the Social Media, but also see negative things. I believe is a matter of doing research and not taking all information the Social Media bombards us with as factual information. It’s a personal choice, either we advocate the Social Media or oppose it. The decision is up to you. References Bosker, B. (2012) Fortune 500 List Boasts More Female CEOs Than Ever Before. Retrieved January 6, 2013 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/07/fortune-500-female-ceos_n_1495734.html. Common Sense Media. (2012). Social Media, Social Life: How Teens View Their Digital Lives. Retrieved January 6, 2013 from http://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life. Dalke, R. (2011). Social Media Case Study: The Stanley Cup Hockey Riots. Retrieved January 6, 2013 from http://www.freshnetworks.com/blog/2011/06/social-media-case-study-the-stanley-cup-hockey-riots/. Delmatoff, E. (2010). How Social Media Transformed Our

Explore how Tommo and Charlie’s relationship develops over the course of the novel Essay

Over year 8 I have been reading private peaceful, the book by Michel Morpurgo. In the story the maid character is a boy called Tommo who has an older brother called Charlie and another one called Big Joe along with their mother. Tommo looks up to Charlie and them always look out for each other. When Tommo goes to school he found makes a friend at school called Molly and both Charlie and Tommo fall in love with her. Later I the book Molly give birth to a beautiful, bouncing baby boy whose father is Charlie and Tommo wished he could let out a secret that he has kept since his father sadly passed away. In this essay I will be writing about Tommo and Charlie’s relationship and why Tommo believes he lives in Charlie’s glow during the story. The first part of Tommo and Charlie’s relationship I am going to concentrate on is when they were at school. Tommo looks up to Charlie as a father or the man of the house but also because Charlie always looks out for Tommo one example of this is when they were in the school yard Tommo got in a fight and Charlie took over and for his punishment him and jimmy pearsons got the cane jimmy kept crying â€Å"Ow, sir! Ow, sir! Ow. Sir!† but when it was chalies turn all we hear â€Å"are the whacks, and then the silences between†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ this is one of the reasons why I have â€Å"the bravest brother in the world.† When Tommo first met molly he and molly had a very strong relationship and they still did when Charlie got friendly with her but as molly was two years older than him and Charlie was older by three â€Å"they always ran faster than i did.† And sometimes I felt like â€Å"they wanted to be without me†¦ I was feeling miserable and abandoned† soon this all got worse when Tommo finds out Charlie was in a relationship with molly. â€Å"I was so filled with anger and resentment towards him that I never wanted to speak to him again, nor to molly come to that.† Tommo by now is probably thinking what would Charlie so that to me? The one lad I look up to I cannot trust anymore he knows I love molly so why did he do this?

Grover Cleveland essays

Grover Cleveland essays Grover Cleveland was born March 18th, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He was the fifth child in the family of four brothers and five sisters. His fathers name is Richard Falley Cleveland, who was a Presbyterian minister and relative to the founder of Cleveland Ohio. Grovers mother, Ann Neal Cleveland was the daughter of a publisher. The family had little money and moved frequently. He attended schools such as Fayetteville and Clinton, New York, and began working at the age of 14 as a clerk for Fayetteville general store. When Grover was 16, his father died, leaving him and his brothers to support their mother and sisters. Cleveland joined with an older brother of his who was teaching at the New York Institution for the blind and worked there for a year. At 17 years old, Grover decided to head west for more opportunities. He wanted to settle in Cleveland Ohio, but instead stopped at Buffalo N.Y. to see his mothers uncle. His uncle persuaded him to stay and Grover worked with him for six months. Afterwards he decided to be a lawyer. He worked as a clerk in the law office of Rogers Bowen, and studied there. Working hard for $4.00 a week, which had to pay for room board at the home of a fellow clerk. Two of Grovers brothers served in the Union Army during the Civil War, Cleveland had to stay and support his mother and sisters. Cleveland entered in the politics scene as a ward worker for the Democratic Party in Buffalo. He served as a ward supervisor in 1862 and as an assistant district attorney of Erie County. Was elected sheriff in 1870. The city of Buffalo at the time had a corrupt administration. As demand for improvement grew, the quicker Grover was elected to run as mayor in 1881. Cleveland vetoed so many padded city contracts that he became known as the veto mayor. Clevelands reputation for good government made him a national figure. The Republ ...

History of Punk Rock Essay Example

History of Punk Rock Essay Example History of Punk Rock Essay History of Punk Rock Essay Punk Rock, which began in the mid 1970’s, began as a fad and quickly became a phenomenon that changed the music industry forever. Punk Rock was a new sound that came from a combination of rock and pop music. Punk was very different from mainstream music and along with this new sound, an entire subculture started to form. The focus of this paper is on the early development of punk rock, the bands and musicians who started the new sound, the subculture that was influenced by the punk rock movement, the evolution of punk and the state of punk rock music today. Punk rock got its name from the slang word â€Å"punk†, meaning rotten and worthless (Maser 10). The term was used to describe this new type of music that was very different from mainstream pop and rock music. These new bands â€Å"had very little talent, wore crazy clothes, had outrageous hairstyles and carried with them a message of anti-authority† (Shively). There is no exact date for the birth of punk rock, though it has been around since the sixties. Most agree that it was sometime around 1974 when punk rock really began to develop into a music genre of its own (Black and Kismet). Some say punk rock began in New York City, while others believe it started in London. Punk rock bands were emerging in both places. By late 1976 â€Å"bands such as the Ramones in New York and the Sex pistols and the Clash, in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement† (Jaffe). The following year punk rock began to spread around the world. Punk music was mostly being played in small local bars and nightclubs. Punk music â€Å"did not get much support from mainstream record labels and most music stores wanted nothing to do with it† (Maser 12). Punk rock fans and musicians tended to stick together and support each other. It was not uncommon for one band to borrow musicians from another. One very popular club in New York City that became a popular place for punk artists to meet and play was CBGB’s. The club’s owner, Hilly Kristal had a rule: â€Å"only rock bands with original music could play at his club†(Maser 30). Soon, hundreds of local bands from all around the area came to play. The New York scene was made up mostly of musicians with very little money who were â€Å"bored with pop music and wanted to make an artistic change† (Black and Kismet). The Ramones are generally considered to be the first band to play this new type of music. They were tired of music that they considered boring, so they began to put their own sound together. As Johnny Ramone, the guitarist for the Ramones, stated, â€Å"We were new at writing songs and new at playing our instruments, so we couldn’t write anything too complicated, really† (Leopold). Other bands that were emerging from the New York Punk scene also in the mid-seventies included The Velvet Underground, Patti Smith, The New York Dolls, and Iggy Pop. The Ramones directly influenced British punk and helped to start the punk rock scene in London (Jaffe). The Ramones played a fourth of July concert in London, which was attended by many members of future punk bands such as the Clash, the Damned, Generation X, Souxsie and the Banshees, and the very successful Sex Pistols. Sid Vicious and Johnny Rotten, two members of the Sex Pistols, are often refereed to as the â€Å"all time greatest punks, contributing not only to punk’s music, but to its fashion and style also† (Jaffe). Punk rock is really creative Rock and Roll music that is fun and upbeat. It is in-your-face music, but at the same time there is intelligence behind it (Jaffe). The instruments that were typically used to play early punk rock music included one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and a drum. In the beginning, punk music usually only used a few chords per song. Many popular punk bands were often referred to as â€Å"three chord wonders† (Maser 15). Punk rock songs tended to be short. Most of the early punk rock songs were under two minutes long. The lyrics were usually shouted instead of being sung and were usually repetitions of short phrases. The lyrics were often blunt and to the point. They dealt with real-life issues such as government, crime, poverty and other social problems. â€Å"Punk rock redefined the music scene, and people who didnt have bands to identify with before, now had several that spoke to the reality of the worlds issues† (McCain, Legs and McNeil 25). By the late seventies and early eighties, punk rock had become a solid musical genre. The â€Å"punk subculture is often seen as a rebellious group of youngsters who often come from lower class dwellings and haven’t gotten the attention that they needed so they dye their hair, dress differently, and act differently† (Mazer 50). Actually, being punk is about being your own person. The â€Å"outrageous clothing and hairstyles were indicative of the youthful rebellion at the time, and stood as a way for punks to differentiate themselves from the masses† (Shively). Early punk fashion included ripped clothing held together by safety pins or tape. Over time tattoos, piercings, and metal studded accessories were also common for the musicians and their fans (McCain, Legs and McNeil 30). The style was about individual freedom and represented anti-authority. Punk viewpoints included a â€Å"do it yourself ethic, non-conformity, direct action, and not selling out† (McCain, Legs and McNeil 31). It was not about labels, getting attention, or trying to look cool in front of your friends. Punk rock continued through the eighties and influenced many other types of music genres, including â€Å"gothic rock, grunge, metal, and new wave† among others (McCain, Legs and McNeil 43). In 1989, a band called the Sweet Children appeared. They would soon change their name to Green Day, and start a new wave of music called pop punk (Cooper). Other bands included in this movement were blink-182, Eve 6, and the Offspring. It was the â€Å"pop punk explosion of the nineties that saw punk rock achieve its largest audience and most lucrative record sales† (Maser 10). The original punk musicians did not sell many records because they preferred to remain loyal to small labels. This was one of the first major differences between the new pop punk bands and the original punk rock bands. By the mid nineties the ideas that punk rock originally stood for were nearly gone. People began to lose sight of what the original movement meant to begin with. The newer more mainstream punk bands changed their image. The pop punk bands â€Å"focused their energy into positive topics, rather than using obscenities and shock technique to gain attention† (Maser 66). The musicians were also more musically talented in that they actually knew how to play their instruments. There were only a few true hardcore punk bands left. Punk rock finally gained acceptance by the world at large when punk bands began to gain admittance to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Cooper). The first bands to enter the Hall of Fame were the Talking Heads and Ramones in 2002. The Clash was accepted in 2003 followed by The Sex Pistols in 2006. Punk rock started with just a few bands playing in a few small clubs. Musicians who were fed up with the rock and roll industry started looking for ways to get their music heard. The music was very simple and easy to play. It attracted fans that were rebellious and looking for ways to express themselves also. â€Å"The raw simplicity and honesty of punk rock makes it what it is† (Black and Kismet). Punk was not just a movement in music, but as a statement in fashion, art and politics. Punk rock has been forever changing and growing, and continues to influence new music genres today.

Process and Project Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Process and Project Systems - Essay Example ome, visiting some bank, airport, railway station, bakery or a shopping mall, a school, college or a university, you will find the application of this very important machine every where. Now, with the advancement of science and technology, super computers have been developed which is the most advanced type of computers till now. Super computers carry out highly sensitive tasks such as in aeronautical laboratories, or space stations etc. This is a simulated project for the construction of Centre for Technology in Government (CTG) which has the area around 250,000 square feet. It is actually a facility that is exclusively designed to place world class super computers and nuclear weapon design staff. Since working on nuclear weapons is a highly a sensitive task, equally sensitive is the case with the construction of this CTG. This place is aimed to further the previous developments carried out in this field but in a safe and secure environment with professionalism. Since it is a large project that has to cater for the country’s current as well as the future needs, it is highly desirable that its construction should be done after pondering upon various aspects and their proper integration or link should be developed. from the point of view of a constructor, by integration I mean that there should be a thorough understanding of the previous needs as well as the prediction of the needs in the times to come i.e. fu ture; as it is a very costly project, the building should be constructed in a way that it remains workable in future, for example, if currently we need 10 super computers, the building should be designed to house 30 computers, no matter currently the space for 20 computers will be practically unused. This type of planning is necessary because at that time when 30 computers will be needed, there will be enough space to house them. On the contrary if it does not happen i.e. no space is left for future needs, then certainly a new CTG will be constructed; it will

Islamic Art and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Islamic Art and Architecture - Essay Example Under caliphs 'Abd al-Malik, al-Wahid I and al-Wahid II, the sense of dynastic pride indulged through a heady consciousness of family power found its most public expression in ambitious building campaigns Between 690 and 750, architecture became a family business backed by the immense financial resources of the Islamic state swollen by the accumulated booty of the Arab conquests and by the taxation revenue which came pouring in at the disposal of the Umayyad builders. "There was both the will and the means to embark on grandiose building projects." Undue parochialism was avoided although there was the exclusivity of the massive building programme of the Umayyads in Syria: most favoured land in the Islamic empire, Damascus its principal city is the capital of the empire, agricultural installations, abundant wealth. Importing craftsmen and materials from the Byzantium to Aphrodito in Upper Egypt documents an Islamic corve system One governor provided money to cover living expenses of men to work on the Damascus mosque Stucco sculpture of Persian type, Iraqi techniques of vault construction, mouldings from south-eastern Anatolia, figural style in Coptic sculpture evidence style and building practice of Syria. Position of Syria draw inspiration from the major cultures yoked together to bring Graeco-Roman, Egypt, North Africa, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. "The fact that those same Umayyads were not a family of local Syrian notables but the representatives of the greatest empire in the contemporary world gave their art a mission of the utmost seriousness." Forms and ideas of classical art were much better understood in Syria that entered the bloodstream of Islamic art resulting to familiar Western column... Undue parochialism was avoided although there was the exclusivity of the massive building programme of the Umayyads in Syria: most favoured land in the Islamic empire, Damascus its principal city is the capital of the empire, agricultural installations, abundant wealth. "The fact that those same Umayyads were not a family of local Syrian notables but the representatives of the greatest empire in the contemporary world gave their art a mission of the utmost seriousness." The helicoidal tower of the Ibn Tulun mosque in Cairo composed of a central cylinder around which twists an external stircase which Hillenbrand suggested to have originated from Zoroastrian Persia towers of the more ancient Mesopotamian ziggurat Abbasid art is much understood through Samarra as new way of carving surfaces called bevelled style and repetition of abstract geometric or pseudo-vegetal forms called arabesque were used as wall decoration Jawhar the Sicilian, commander of the Fatimid troops sent by the Fatimid Caliph Almuiz to conquer Egypt, founded Cairo in 358 AH / 969 SD and built Al-Azhar mosque, now including the Al-Azhar University It is characterised by major technical