Applicability of Multiculturalism or Melting Pot Theory Essay

Applicability of Multiculturalism or Melting Pot Theory - Essay Example As such, he identifies himself more with Chinese cultural orientation than that of being either a Mexican or an America. The concept of culture has evolved through time. It was initially viewed as an intriguing complex sociological framework since it reflects the elaborate interaction of values, attitudes, perceptions and behavior displayed by a particular society. Eventually, culture emerged as a more multifarious and dynamic view that encompasses theories of diversity and multiculturalism. In the United States, a land of opportunities, sociologists and experts in cultural theories have separate contentions regarding applying the concept of multiculturalism or respecting the retention of distinct and diverse cultures. I hereby believe that multiculturalism is more beneficial for America rather than merging cultures exemplified in the melting pot theory. The concept of multiculturalism has existed for a long time as manifested by people who migrated to the U.S. and share more than one cultural orientations (Wong; Chavez; Saleem). Its historical existence is proof that multiculturalism in the United States is beneficial; otherwise, regulations would have been enacted to curtail this. According to Linda Chavez in her discourse entitled â€Å"Demystifying Multiculturalism†, â€Å"multiculturalism is not a grassroots movement. It was created, nurtured, and expanded through government policy. Without the expenditure of vast sums of public money, it would wither away and die† (113). Chavez asserted that multiculturalism has long been practiced and validly supported by policy makers through encouraging people from different cultures to migrate. (My professor said this quote was used incorrectly, which means, this quote doesn’t fit in this paragraph.)Immigration policies in the United States have monitored and restric ted the number of people from different races who opt to reside in the country. There are regulations that assist in providing a balance in cultural forces that are seen to be beneficial in terms of contributions to economic, social, technological, and political growth. Chavez has asserted that multiculturalism encouraged educational institutions to focus on â€Å"bilingual education and other multicultural services† (2). Therefore, there are forces that spur economic activities driven by the increasing number of people from various cultures. Multiculturalism is also more beneficial in terms of contributing to diversity. In contrast to the melting pot theory, through multiculturalism, traditional values and norms are preserved. From the video entitled The Great American Melting Pot, the Statue of Liberty was shown to hold a book of recipes that show the melting pot to be comprised of people from diverse nationalities. However, the video does not clearly indicate that these pe ople lose their cultural identities in the process (Schoolhouse Rock). Chavez indicated that â€Å"a whole new industry of "diversity professionals" has emerged to help managers cope with the expected deluge of non-white workers† (1). Multiculturalism has created a demand for professionals to focus on training people to realize the benefits of employing diverse people in their workforce. Likewise, diversity has opened potentials for accommodating traditional values and learning to adapt to new ones. Tahir expressed her preference to practice the way of life in America, she still respected the tradition of pre-arranged marriage; where her parents would solicit potential suitors according to a predefined qualification. The suitors with most preferred qualifications would eventually be streamlined and would be the basis of selecting the favored husband. Likewise, Wong allegedly

History of Statistics Essay Example for Free

History of Statistics Essay The history of statistics can be said to start around 1749 although, over time, there have been changes to the interpretation of the word statistics. By the 18th century, the term statistics designated the systematic collection ofdemographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of statistics broadened to include the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop computer-intensive methods. The Word statistics have been derived from Latin word â€Å"Status† or the Italian word â€Å"Statista†, meaning of these words is â€Å"Political State† or a Government. Shakespeare used a word Statist is his drama Hamlet (1602). In the past, the statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited but rulers and kings needed information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation and other aspects of government. Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German University in 1749 which means that political science of different countries. In 1771 W. Hooper (Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F Bieford, in his book statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political arrangement of all the modern states of the known world. There is a big gap between the old statistics and the modern statistics, but old statistics also used as a part of the present statistics. During the 18th century the English writer have used the word statistics in their works, so statistics has developed gradually during last few centuries. A lot of work has been done in the end of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 20th century, William S Gosset was developed the methods for decision making based on small set of data. During the 20th century several statistician are active in developing new methods, theories and application of statistics. Now these days the availability of electronics computers is certainly a major factor in the modern development of statistics. * Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of nature. * Statistical helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study. * Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data. * Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form for an easy and clear comprehension of the data. * Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of a phenomenon through quantitative obersevations. * Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the population parameters from the sample data. * Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries. * Biostatistics is a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis, and includes medical statistics. * Business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of business performance opportunities * Chemometrics is the science of relating measurements made on a chemical system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods. * Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space. * Econometrics is a branch of economics that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships. * Environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations. * Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. * Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology,hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography. * Operations research (or Operational Research) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems. * Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. * Psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. * Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries. * Quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans. * Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its normative roots to a positivistframework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. * Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. * Statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics, and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems. * Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as work, heat, free energy, and entropy.

Communication and Culture: The Benefits of Beginning Foreign Language Study Early :: Research Papers

Communication and Culture: The Benefits of Beginning Foreign Language Study Early As global awareness increases, American interest in the study of languages other than English increases apace. Unlike early programs which did not teach â€Å"languages†¦primarily to learn oral/aural communication, but to learn for the sake of being ‘scholarly’ or, in some instances, for gaining a reading proficiency in the foreign language† (Brown 18), the twentieth century began to focus on communicative goals, and a variety of new theories and methods for teaching were put forth. A common goal has emerged, and modern programs push students towards fluency. Therefore, more research is being conducted into the best possible ways to create competent communicators. The Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics defines communicative competence as â€Å"the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom† (Richards, Platt, and Platt 65). As scholars search for the best ways to achieve communicative competence, they emphasize the importance of beginning language study early. The critical period hypothesis first put forth by Lenneberg in the late 1960’s holds â€Å"that there is a limited developmental period during which it is possible to acquire a language†¦to normal, nativelike levels† (Birdsong, 1). At the most generous estimate, this critical period is thought to extend from the age of 2 only until puberty, and some estimates posit a much narrower window (for more information on the possible causes of the critical period, see Birdsong, 7-9). According to Krashen, Long, and Scarcella, although â€Å"adults and older children in general initially acquire the second language faster than young children (oldest-is-better for rate of acquisition), †¦child second language acquirers will usually be superior in terms of ultimate attainment (younger-is-better in the long run)† (574). This eventual attainment includes superior pronunciation skills (Fledge 101) when compared with learners who began their study later in life. Although â€Å"starting age determines the levels of [communicative] accuracy achieved, particularly in pronunciation† (Ellis qtd. in Nunan 41), beginning young has an additional advantage. The young learner has many years of schooling left in which to explore this new language, and â€Å"the number of years’ exposure contributes greatly to the overall communicative fluency of the learners† (Ellis qtd. in Nunan 41). Although the pace of the young learner may be slower than that of the older learner, â€Å"when language learning begins earlier, it can go on longer and provide more practice and experience, leading ultimately to greater fluency and effectiveness† (Curtain and Pesola, Languages and Children 3) than is generally achieved when study begins after puberty.

Othello – Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play

Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play; this is because it is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello the main character thinks, feels and says from this point onwards. At the start we see a noble character, who by the end of the scene is left on his knees swearing revenge on his wife. Act three scene three is also the longest scene in the play, which reflects its importance because so much develops and evolves throughout this period. During act three scene three we can actually begin to see the importance of the scene to the rest of the play, as the plot really starts to move forward, this is once Iago has planted his seeds of suspicion in Othello's mind and starts to water them so that the suspicion will grow. This is a significant development in the play as we see Iago put the plans he spoke of in earlier soliloquies and asides into action. In act three scene three just as Cassio hurriedly leaves the room Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† this is said to arose suspicion in Othello's mind as once this has been said Iago leaves Othello to ponder the various diabolical meanings provided within this short statement, which makes him quite agitated and irritable. At the end of the scene we also see a completely transformed Othello who uses vulgar language and crude animal imagery such as â€Å"I had rather be a toad and live upon the vapour of a dungeon. Than keep a corner in the thing I love for others uses. This is a clear influence of Iago upon Othello who know seems more violent. Towards the end of the scene the decided plan of action will be for Othello to kill both Cassio and Desdemona, we know this as he says, â€Å"I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. † This is linked to the rest of the play because we can see Iago's plan is starting to work, and that he has manipulated Othello enough to make him think Desdemona is unfaithful so much so he now wants to kill her, this shows a complete transformation in Othello's character. The scene is also important as it reveals the true extent of Iago's devilish nature and how he goes about putting it to use by manipulating Othello in way the audience would not have thought possible, he manages to tear Othello and Desdemona's seemingly strong relationship up within a relatively short period of time, although we have already seen this side of Iago before when he shouts to Barbantio in act one scene one â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white yew. This reveals part of his racist crude ways as well as showing us how deceitful he truly is in as much as he is pretending Roderigo is saying these things, he also reveals the marriage of Othello and Desdemona to Barbantio behind their backs. By doing this early on the audience are immediately aware of Iago's deceitful nature. The quote also reveals Iago's racist ways and what he thinks of moors and non-Venetians. These comments he makes would shock a twenty first century audience, as we live in a multi cultural society and everybody should be treated equally within it, however a Elizabethan audience would not of been shocked due to the fact they thought black men were sexually charged predators as shown in many of the quotes. Other signs that Iago is a skilled manipulator is the way he persuades Othello of Desdemona's infidelity, he uses various techniques to do this, for a start he appears to let on more than he really knows, this makes Othello want to feed his suspicion. There are also points when fate plays a part in the proceedings such as when Iago receives a particular handkerchief, which was Othello's first gift to Desdemona, he then tells Othello that Cassio dropped it, this is the proof Othello requested. Iago then went on to make up a dream he said Cassio had of Desdemona in which Cassio started saying, â€Å"sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves,† this completely enraged Othello, whilst Iago appeared to be getting a kick out of everything that was going on. He is also quick to point out Othello's cultural differences in an attempt to make him feel insecure and like an outsider this is revealed in the quote â€Å"They dare not show their husbands; their best conscience. † By saying this he is telling Othello that Venetian women are loose and that he does not know what they are like, as he is an outsider. Religious references are used a plenty during this scene an example is when Othello uses such phrases as â€Å"death and damnation† and â€Å"heavan and hell† it is a very important theme in the play. The fact people were very religious in the sixteenth century is very important as it appears Iago has no concern for his soul, he has no sense of shame or remorse which is quite a chilling thought. The reason this scene is so important is the complete transformation of Othello the main character from a dignified figure to a jealous rage, we can see how successful Iago was here as earlier we saw how noble and calm Othello was when confronted by Barbantio and he told him to put his sword away now at the end of act three scene three Othello has become extremely violent and less confident in his relationship with Desdemona. We are also able to see how Shakespearian tragedies work, clearly the hero moves from a state of happiness to misery and eventual death through some fault or weakness of their own in Othello's case his tragic weakness or flaw, can be linked to the theme of jealousy and honesty within the play, he is easily made to jump to conclusions through thoughts of jealousy when it comes to Desdemona's infidelity, he is also too open and trusting towards certain characters like Iago who take advantage. By the end of the scene Othello has been completely enraged and his stature and reputation turn for the worst seen mainly through his language, which was once poetic like, Othello's language was controlled and he was able to enthral an audience as he did with the duke when explaining his courtship with Desdemona. Towards the end he is left cursing using imagery of hell such as â€Å"death and damnation† which are clear influences of Iago. The point we see Othello has completely given up and lost faith in Desdemona is when he says â€Å"farewell tranquil mind† which is a clear indication of how he feels completely distraught. To make this scene stand out among the rest Shakespeare has been very clever with his dramatic devices and his use of them in particular the way people enter and exit, for example when Cassio exits hurriedly leaving Desdemona, which causes Othello to wonder why he left so hastily. There is also the matter of timing and when characters speak which causes an awful amount of dramatic intensity, as mentioned earlier the length of the scene is very significant to the rest of the play because it allows time enough for Iago to put his plan into action and to work Othello's trust. When talking about dramatic devices we must also mention the very important part of soliloquies and asides in which a character reveals their inner most thoughts and feelings, which leads to dramatic irony as the audience are already aware of plans and actions to be undertaken. In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial parts take place in act three scene three prove that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it really starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen growing throughout earlier scenes. It is especially important because of the fact we see such a tremendous change in Othello.

Communications: The Mechanistic Perspective Essay

‘Communication — – the process of transmitting and receiving ideas, information, and messages. The rapid transmission of information over long distances and ready access to information have become conspicuous and important features of human society, especially in the past 150 years.’ The encyclopedia definition of communication encompasses the ideas of exchanging a variety of messages with others. This is important to remember when looking at communications within an organization. The whole process of communications within organizations is very complex and is certainly one of the major factors in determining whether an organization will succeed or not. The following paper deals with the different types, influences and improvements within the realm of communications in organizations. Ways of conceptualizing communications It is necessary to look at the problem from many viewpoints to understand how communications are performed within an organization. These include psychological, systems-interaction, interpretive-symbolic, and mechanistic. All of these areas are very important to understand the ‘whole picture,’ but the focus of this paper will be in the mechanistic perspective. Mechanistic Perspective Information within an organization determines their ability to make informed decisions and the effectiveness of those decisions is based on the way they communicate. This mechanistic perspective on communications deals entirely with the message, the medium and factors that aid or detract from the process. In this model, communication is initiated by the sender through to the receiver. Each process is then broken down into bits of data that can be analyzed. The areas of importance are the ways in which the sender and receiver utilize perceptive processes to encode and decode the messages and  the fact that noise is in the system. Any message from a sender to a receiver would convey exactly what the meaning is intended in a perfect world. It is very important that the sender says exactly what they are trying to say and the receiver knows exactly what the sender is saying. The following example illustrates this point: Clear and concise is what is desired within a ship building contract. If the contract does not describe ‘exactly’ what is required, the contractor can get extra money for including those ‘extras’ during the building stages. The Irving led Saint John Shipbuilding organization has made much more than their original contract for building the Canadian Patrol Frigates due to these ‘arisings.’ It was even suggested that this was part of their contract plan from the beginning. In analyzing this situation, it was very difficult for the Canadian Department of National Defense (DND) to ask for everything because of the complexity of the contract, the number of personnel on the contract writing team, and the fact that many iterations were required for DND and parliament prior to letting the contract. In fact, the writing was started ten years prior to the contract being let, so technology had changed many of the basic assumptions about the type of work to be done. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communications Inherent to transmission of messages are the verbal and non-verbal cues which aid in helping to decode a message. Verbal cues are dependent on language. Nuances intrinsic to a language can make the decoding difficult if not impossible even by someone who uses the same language. This may be a local dialect or cross-country differences. Examples of cross-country differences would be English from England, Canada, and the United States. Each is the same language, but each has separate nuances that can make it very difficult to decipher by someone from another country speaking the same language. A personal example is asking for a washroom in Southampton, England, at a train station and being told that they did not have one. The word that I should have used was ‘toilet.’  Dialects within a country can make it impossible to understand the original message. Another personal example is attempting to decipher someone from northwestern Newfoundland; their dialect made it virtually impossible to understand. The point is to utilize the best transmission method in order to minimize the decoding difficulty for the receiver. Non-verbal cues are ‘those expressions of emotions and attitudes toward another person and in regulating the interaction between people.’ The text organizes the cues into seven categories and includes good examples, including: environment, proximity, posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye behavior and vocalics. One area missing within communications chapter was what the person is wearing, but was included in chapter 6, perception and performance evaluations. Many books advocate ‘dressing for success.’ Some examples include shopping, salesperson and the office. If you are going to shop at flea markets, dressing ‘down’ is a good way to start the bargaining process. A car salesperson should dress to show that he is successful, but not ostentatious. In my profession, I dress towards the client based on whether ‘suit and tie’ or ‘casual’ are the choice for the client’s organization. This non-verbal cue can aid in preparing the initial psychological base for the remainder of the conversation and ensure that it does not detract from the conversation while it is ongoing. Influences on Communication Physical and personal factors influence communications. Organizational design influences physical factors, which deals with layout of the office, networks for communications, and the media selected for the message. Personal factors include the differences between individual styles, men and women, and cultures. Organizational Design The design of the organization must be based on what the organization is attempting to accomplish. Technology can enable these designs to take on new meanings as methods become available to communicate as never before. The first place to look at is the design of the office. The typical office has space allocated based on position of the employee. A worker may be in a ‘bull pen’ type of environment whereas the president will have a large office to show their particular status. Two personal examples include the Ship Repair Unit and Deloitte and Touche Consulting Group. Each has a typical office layout; the workers are in offices with partitioned walls; managers have outer offices, some with windows; and the general manager has the largest, most pretentious office space. The communications tend to have very structured down and up paths. Methods of communications include computer email, voice mail, and written memos. ‘Most critically, however, the intelligent office building must clearly improve the quality of the workplace for the individual, representing a major philosophical change in the office design. After all, what is the electronically enhanced office intended to facilitate, if not the effectiveness, productivity, and well-being of the worker, and the ultimate effectiveness of the organization.’ Traditional organizational design ideas are being challenged with the concepts of tele-commuting and virtual companies and offices. Technology has enabled us to plug into the office place anywhere in the world utilizing advanced telecommunications and computer advances. Many offices now have flexible office areas for their workers where they can sit down, plug in a laptop and have a phone, desk, and general office requirements available. When they are at their other office locations, they simply plug in to that particular location. All of this is transparent to the sender or receiver of information from that individual. An example is an advertising agency where a friend of mine works for in Toronto which has other offices in New York and Chicago. When he commutes to  these offices, he has all of the these resources available to him. This is transparent to his clients, who just thinks he does a wonderful job from his home office in Toronto. The types of communications are similar, with more emphasis based on digital transmissions (email and voicemail). I utilize voice mail effectively when on a client site by having a location for clients to call in for me and I can vet and prioritize my calls. ‘Employment in the Information Age is undergoing a transformation which may cause as much dislocation as the move from farm to factories did in the 19th century. Studies predict that the ranks of those with alternative office arrangements will grow by 10 percent or more every year during the remainder of the decade.’ The virtual company challenges communications within an organization even greater than present designs. This entity has allowed small organizations to work as effectively through the use of advanced communications and allows larger companies to change the way they do business. Some of the requirements for a company to be effective in virtual space include: robust infrastructure for individual employees, including cellular phone, portable computer with communications; remote managing – how do you know the person is doing their work?; employees must have the correct attributes to make it all work. When it does work, it works very well. The employee is either on a client site or at home and is more effective A personal example is a company in which I was a co-owner. This virtual company was a computer consulting firm specializing in Microsoft Office Integration. We had a management team from within Nova Scotia (5 people), programmers from around North America, and clients from around the world. This organization was difficult to run from the perspective of handing off information and brain-storming, but was very good at allowing each employee to work in their space of choice to increase productivity. The majority of the clients were local; a firm handshake and the ability to look someone in the eye is still stronger than the pen and keyboard. The international clients tended to be software firms who were looking for someone to subcontract a small portion of a project. The reason the business ran  effectively was that the employees were suited to the environment. If the business was not as high tech orientated, I would be reluctant to state that it would work as effectively. The type of design of the organization must be orientated to their mission. As the communication network characteristics shows , the different types of networks are good at some things and poor at others. The tradeoffs are usually flexibility and satisfaction against errors with simple tasks. Risk to human life or catastrophic failure was a point missing in network design. The text makes a number of good points about network design, but did not have an organization with strong lateral dissemination of information. This is important in more and more organizations as downsizing is taking out layers of middle managers, the overall manager cannot control or handle all of the information volume, but the job must still be done. The new managers require a horizontal flow of communications to get their job done. Personal Factors The personal factors within communications are more difficult to define. Consequently, they are also more difficult to improve upon. The text outlines very briefly some of those topic areas, including individual difference, culture differences, and male and female differences. Listening and Responding Noise is another area that inhibits or distorts the transmission of a message. The text deals with ways to be more effective in listening and responding to messages. A way to further analyze the effects of noise and barriers to communications within organizations is to study communications systems utilizing radio frequency (RF) transmissions; they have well documented aspects of noise  which can be analogous to other mediums. Modulation is the technique of employing information (the message) on a carrier signal and sending that signal to the receiver who then decodes it and gets the original transmission. Noise is what distorts that transmission. Different types of modulation techniques are utilized to cut down on the noise inherent to the medium utilized. Analog and digital communications employ all of the different types of modulation. The easiest modulation type (within the electronics) is amplitude modulation (AM) but which has the highest degree of susceptibility to noise. This is based on noise thresholds and the fact that background noise can be so loud that the original message is lost. This is analogous to trying to tell somebody an important message in a busy, noisy room. The background ‘din’ can make the message almost impossible to hear and understand properly. The second technique is frequency modulation (FM) which is more difficult to encode and decode, but is less susceptible to noise. This is because the natural noises the stratosphere produces are not over broad frequency ranges. Phase based modulation employs similar techniques, but uses phase differences to encode the information. This is analogous to listening to FM radio, which is close to what the original sounds like, but still seems weak in comparison to the ‘real thing.’ Digital communications employ the same modulation techniques as analog communications, but have distinct advantages in conveying messages over analog systems. Analog transmissions have no discrete data; it is all based on ramps of information. This would be analogous to the difference between an analog speedometer and a digital one. The analog would give you a continuous representation, but has no distinct breaks; the digital speedometer can only show you discrete amount of speed indications. In a digital system, the discrete data is only ‘on’ or ‘off’. This makes it much easier to distinguish the actual data from the noise because the threshold between the two can be much greater (the terminology used is decibels – the difference between the receiving message and the noise). This discrete data can be manipulated to ensure that the message is correct; this is referred to as error correction. A communications system analogous to this would be downloading information off the Internet and it error-checking at the receiver’s end to ensure the file is correct. The situation analogous to this entire noise discussion is that we would normally write something down if it was critical in order to ensure the information is transmitted correctly (digital systems). If we are not worried about errors in transmission, we will convey our message through speech (analog systems). The other points, including fatigue, time pressure, selective listening, status, value judgments, and source credibility are very good observations on the barriers to messages. An example of using listening and responding within communications was the idea that I based my first company on; producing multimedia applications. What possessed me to orient myself in that direction in 1991 was a statistic from the MIT media lab: 10% of people remember what they hear, 20% remember what they read and 65% remember what they interact with. One area that was missing in the text discussion was that you can get people to remember by interacting with the message. This could be in the form of CD-ROM computer based training, seminar, or one-on-one where the person is forced to think about the information being presented. Application of Communications A good example of multiple types of communications within an organization is within a warship. A personal example is H.M.C.S. Nipigon; a Canadian destroyer based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The primary purpose for a destroyer is for a weapons platform in which the Government of Canada can utilize to direct their policy. The organization must be robust enough to handle multiple contingencies, including loss of life, loss of systems, and loss of communications. There is redundancy within departments (supply, engineering, operations) in order  to minimize losing one critical person. Therefore, network design facilitated this by placing the key personnel at different areas in the ship during war time situations.. There are multiple ways to power systems via primary and backup power supplies. Again, to keep communications open within the systems in order to keep the vessel floating and fighting. There are also multiple ways for external and internal communications to occur. The communications control room (CCR) can patch a multitude of apparently dissimilar systems, including telephones, radios, and digital computers. To minimize errors, the organization has a strict hierarchy with instructions as to the types of information to be handled by each person with the organization and how it will be distribu ted. This is related to the network design and the media types for information. The crew will train repeatedly in order to minimize errors. This is related to how to minimize the noise within the system. In this case, the noise would be the amount of information available and the filter would be the voice procedures that personnel must utilize to talk both internally and externally. This is of vital importance if there are situations happening internally, including fires and floods, and externally, including incoming missiles, planes, ships and submarines. The communication does not stop within the ship. Depending on the scenario, it could be a contingency of Canadian warships, NATO warships, or another conglomeration where various platforms. Inputs could be coming from satellites, helicopters, intelligence, other ships, and planes. There are strict communications protocols and transmission types for this exchange of information employing cryptography and error correction in order to minimize the chance for error. Multiple forms of communications are at work in this scenario, but the reason it all works is due to the design of the organization. Critique This chapter on communications dealt primarily with the mechanistic perspective. The other areas are needed to balance this sole focus on linear communications. Within the mechanistic approach, there were some areas which were missing which I deemed vital. These included the network flow of the large horizontal organization, importance of reducing errors in mission  critical processes, and the application of technology. Communications in organizations having large horizontal movement of information is critical to its success. As previously stated, the reduction of errors can be critical to human life and also to the success of an organization. Technology enablers have evolved so quickly that the types of hardware and software the authors talk about have changed. Concurrent engineering is a term used to describe 24 hour production of engineering problems by handing over the problems to destinations throughout the world. Bell Northern Research utilizes this technique to dramatically improve their time to market for products. Not enough research was placed into the way new companies (virtual companies) can communicate more effectively. The world is getting smaller as communications become more effective and this text should reflect more of that type of communication.

The book of Arts essays

The book of Arts essays The account of St.Paul's ill-fated journey to Rome in the New Testament's Book of Acts provides some useful insights into shipping practices during the first century of the common era. In this paper, I intend to summarise the information and clues provided in the Book of Acts and present an overview of some of the basic interpretations of the relevant passages. It is important to understand that the Book of Acts is a continuation of the gospel according to Luke and any reference to him here is in his capacity as writer of the Book. St.Paul, as a Roman prisoner, had been put in the charge of Julius, an officer in the "Emperor's Regiment" who was to take the prisoners to Rome to see the Emperor. At Caesarea, Julius had his prisoners board a ship from Adramyttium and they sailed overnight to Sidon. The next leg of their journey was more difficult as the winds were again against them. As such, they sailed the ship on the sheltered east side of the island of Cyprus, then west to In Myra, Julius moved his prisoners to a boat from Alexandria which was bound for Italy. The first leg of their journey aboard this new ship was difficult as the winds were against them. It took several days to reach Cnidus. With the wind against them still, they were forced to sail south, hoping to take shelter behind the island of Crete. Keeping close to shore, they eventually arrived at Safe Harbours, on the southern coast of Crete. Here they stayed for several days and the Book of Acts notes that St.Paul advised against continuing as the Day of Atonement had The Day of Atonement is the traditional day at which shipping would stop for the winter in anticipation of the poor weather to come. It is normally marked towards the end of September or the start of October. However St.Paul's advice fell on deaf ears and Julius chose to accept the advice of the ship's owner and captain. They pressed on towards Phoenix (on C...

Free Essays on Analizing Art

Art is something which can be analyzed to give deeper insight as to the common values and beliefs shared by the members of a certain society. Regardless of the place of origin or the time period of a form of art, it will always be a reflection of the social structure in which it's creator/s lived. However, the way the artist perceives the culture common to his time period is very relative. People pertaining to a higher social class had different values and ideologies than members of a lower class. This different view of life can be seen very clearly in individual forms of art such as painting and music. These specific forms of artistic expression required very little money, thus could be exercised by anyone including members of a lower class. Other forms of art such as architecture and sculpture required more money and in most cases wealthy patrons such as kings or queens. Architecture also required large numbers of workers which often made it hard to see any individual influence in the design, however showed the collective ideology of all of the people involved. The cost of labor and materials was also so great that very affluent members of society were needed to financially support the whole process. Sculpture was also an artistry that required great amounts of material and labor. This resulted in a more normative form of art which portrayed societal aspects in a way that was of interest to the financial backers. By studying both popular and normative art together it is possible to obtain a greater perspective on a specific culture. Outside influences from other countries can also affect the art and the artists of a certain society. As a country sees more and more immigrants from a certain area, the art will begin to reflect the ideologies these outsiders bring in with them. This same change can be seen more drastically in the case of an invasion. The architecture would change drastically, since it is normative art and the new rul... Free Essays on Analizing Art Free Essays on Analizing Art Art is something which can be analyzed to give deeper insight as to the common values and beliefs shared by the members of a certain society. Regardless of the place of origin or the time period of a form of art, it will always be a reflection of the social structure in which it's creator/s lived. However, the way the artist perceives the culture common to his time period is very relative. People pertaining to a higher social class had different values and ideologies than members of a lower class. This different view of life can be seen very clearly in individual forms of art such as painting and music. These specific forms of artistic expression required very little money, thus could be exercised by anyone including members of a lower class. Other forms of art such as architecture and sculpture required more money and in most cases wealthy patrons such as kings or queens. Architecture also required large numbers of workers which often made it hard to see any individual influence in the design, however showed the collective ideology of all of the people involved. The cost of labor and materials was also so great that very affluent members of society were needed to financially support the whole process. Sculpture was also an artistry that required great amounts of material and labor. This resulted in a more normative form of art which portrayed societal aspects in a way that was of interest to the financial backers. By studying both popular and normative art together it is possible to obtain a greater perspective on a specific culture. Outside influences from other countries can also affect the art and the artists of a certain society. As a country sees more and more immigrants from a certain area, the art will begin to reflect the ideologies these outsiders bring in with them. This same change can be seen more drastically in the case of an invasion. The architecture would change drastically, since it is normative art and the new rul...

Introduction to Utility Maximization

Introduction to Utility Maximization As consumers, we make choices every day about what and how much to buy and use. In order to model how consumers make these decisions, economists (reasonably) assume that people make choices that maximize their levels of happiness (i.e. that people are economically rational). Economists even have their own word for happiness: utility: the amount of happiness gained from consuming a good or service This concept of economic utility has some specific properties that are important to keep in mind: sign matters: positive utility numbers (i.e. numbers greater than zero) indicate that consuming a good makes the consumer happier. Conversely, negative utility numbers (i.e. numbers less than zero) indicate that consuming a good makes the consumer less happy. bigger is better: The greater the utility number, the more happiness the consumer receives from consuming an item. (Note that this is consistent with the first point since large negative numbers are smaller, i.e. less than, small negative numbers.) ordinal but not cardinal properties: Utility numbers can be compared, but it doesnt necessarily make sense to perform calculations with them. In other words, while it is the case that a utility of 6 is better than a utility of 3, it is not necessarily the case that a utility of 6 is twice as good as a utility of 3. Similarly, its not necessarily the case that a utility of 2 and a utility of 3 would add to a utility of 5. Economists use this concept of utility to model consumers preferences since it stands to reason that consumers prefer items that give them higher levels of utility. The consumers decision regarding what to consume, therefore, boils down to answering the question What affordable combination of goods and services gives me the most happiness? In the utility maximization model, the affordable part of the question is represented by a budget constraint and the happiness part is represented by what are known as indifference curves. We will examine each of these in turn and then put them together to arrive at the consumers optimal consumption.

Snake Populations and Human Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Snake Populations and Human Intervention - Essay Example Both areas are known C. horridus habitats. Snake population sizes shall be determined for both areas from local reports of spottings in summer. Adults, young ones and neonates shall all be considered for the study. The two population sizes shall be compared. The population size from the conserved area shall serve as the control as there is supposedly no human intervention and the snakes are left in their pristine state. If the population size from the non-conserved area is larger than or the same as that from the conserved area it will be construed that the hypothesis is correct. If the converse is true the hypothesis will be proved wrong and this research study shall be considered successful. The entire study will be supplemented by a questionnaire that shall be presented to locals residing near the two survey areas. The questionnaire design will be such that information on the respondents' awareness of conservation efforts and their attitude towards the snakes can be judged. This, together with the study results can help immensely in future studies conducted to assess how snakes can co-habit with humans without friction. Taxonomy: The timber rattlesnake is a member of the almost worldwide family Viperidae. These viperids include both Old World and New World snakes that have existed since the Miocene Age (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Crotalinae, commonly called pit-vipers, is a sub-family comprised of 16 genera and 144 species (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Crotalinae members are characterized by two pitted heat sensors between the eyes and nares, hollow retractable fangs, a single row of sub-caudal scales and vertical pupils (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). There are 33 Crotalus New World species and sub-species, of which 25 inhabit North America. The rattle and the broad head narrowing at the neck and descending into a thick heavy body most characterize this genus (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Distribution and Status Distribution: Timber rattlesnakes range widely from New Hampshire south to Florida, west to Texas and north again to southeast Nebraska through to southeast Minnesota (Fig. 1, Appendix) (Staff, CRACM, 2003). Despite this wide distribution timber rattlesnakes are usually found in isolated pockets to the western and northern limits of their ranges. In particular context to West Virginia, where this study will be conducted, the species ranges from the eastern panhandle through the Alleghenies south to Mingo and Mercer counties (Fig. 2, Appendix) (West Virginia Snakes, 2003). Status: Evolutionary trends have produced Crotalus horridus as a 'long-lived, slow-reproducing

Prevention of Sepsis in the Clinical Setting Research Paper

Prevention of Sepsis in the Clinical Setting - Research Paper Example Similar treatments are used for the cure of both sepsis and septicemia since both of them are normally associated with the presence of aggressive bacteria in the body system of a patient. This requires treatment using strong antibiotics to fight the infection. Patients may also be admitted in ICU for a while so as to monitor the treatment of the infection. Patients suffering from sepsis may experience multi-organ failure since the inflammation spreads and generates a cascading sequence of medical problems as the body tries to fight off the infection (Brozanski, 2003). Prevention of Sepsis There is a common term people in the medical field love to use and it goes, â€Å"Prevention is better than cure.† This is quite true since curing an infection is expensive both on the hospital and the patient. It requires a use of resources that would otherwise be used for other reasons. This therefore calls for infection control a discipline that targets the prevention of healthcare-related infections. There are a number of factors that may lead to the spread of infections in a clinical setting. The infections maybe from patient to patient, from staff to patient, from patient to staff, and from staff to staff (Dyson & Singer, January 2009). There are a number of ways of preventing sepsis, but the most common and effective way is by ensuring hand hygiene, and this is done by constant hand washing. Hand washing In the clinical setting, hand washing is commonly known as the primary weapon of fighting infections. The main reason for hand washing is to reduce microbial in the healthcare setting so as to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. Hand hygiene may be a major problem in gigantic health facilities in which several patients are treated and in rapid succession. Infection control is meant to reduce the spread of infection and provide a safe environment for every patient (Riedeman, Guo, & Ward, 2003). This has become extremely necessary due to the emergence of anti biotic resistant organisms. Examples of antibiotic resistant microorganisms include methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). It is vital to note that there is evidence that shows that removal of antibiotic resistant organisms (AROs) from the hands by washing with detergent or soap and water is less effective than by the use of an antiseptic agent. For that reason, an antiseptic agent must be used in high risk areas within the clinic, with high risk patients especially those suffering from immune-deficient diseas

I Sought My Brother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I Sought My Brother - Essay Example Evans and S. Allen Counter (Harding 1). These two authors transverse the Suriname rain forests, of the independently new black republic along the South American central north coast. Driven by a deep feeling of ancestral calling, the authors went to seek ways out, in which the communities descended from enslaved Africans that rebelled against their Dutch masters and fled into the jungles in the last half of the 18th century. As a result, stunning pictorials have been presented due to the series of pilgrims. Allan counter was very interested in finding out about the Bush African Americans of whom were basically untouched by modern civilization and lived deep in the jungles of Suriname in absolute isolation (Harding 1). Counter wanted to know how much of the original African culture was retained by the Bush African Americans because he thought it is significant for all African American people. The accounts of I sought my brother are condensed experiences from 1972 to 1978. However, the two authors are successful in conveying the feeling of strong emotions as well as the spiritual experience that were considered central to the adventure of courage. For example, during the last several days of the perilous boat ride on the first adventure, the authors eventually met the people they were looking for, and were overwhelmed by the thought of having traced their living ancestors, their pre-slavery bloodline of whom were still alive. In addition, Evans and Counter documented very well the totality, vitality as well as life of the mostly remote African American river communities in Suriname (Harding 1). Viewing the numerous pages of photographs, in both black and white and in color format, it is easily understandable why the authors said, â€Å"our eyes continuously told us we were in Africa, while our minds knew we were in South America.† One interesting thing about the villager’s traditions

Criminology research proposal- To what extent is employee theft Proposal

Criminology - To what extent is employee theft effecting busness - Research Proposal Example This new aspect has threatened to derail business progress of many companies, with competitor firms easily finding ways to fix the subject firms using such secrets. Based on various statistics, as brought out by Walsh (2000), approximately 75% of employees have at one time or another been involved in employee theft, with a vast majority of the group having perpetrated the act multiple times. This, he notes, stems from mistreatment of an employee by the firm, a prospect that creates an urge of retaliation among the employees. In addition, the problem of employee theft has been proposed to result from underpayment of the workers. In some cases though, the employees are encouraged into adopting the vice due to lack of stringent regulatory and punitive measures. Indeed, the theft cases may hold long-standing effects on the economy and to the employees at personal levels. As such, it is often instrumental for appropriate response procedures to be adopted to withstand such cases. For instance, many firms have often been encouraged into adopting stringent regulations which, nevertheless, impact negatively on business performance. Therefore, it is nota ble that the measures adopted so far have been less effective considering the increase in incidences of theft and consequent collapses and insolvencies among many traditional firms. This study is based on various objectives around which the aspect of employee theft revolves. Firstly, the study seeks to determine the internal and external business factors that precipitate employee theft. The study also seeks to determine the probable impacts of the theft cases to social and economic setups within and without the firm, and the implications of such business factors to the economy of the UK. In addition, the study seeks to ascertain what globalization and technological advancement in business administration means to employee theft. Further, the

New York City Mayor Dinkins, Giuliani, and Bloomberg Essay

New York City Mayor Dinkins, Giuliani, and Bloomberg - Essay Example b. Rodulf Guiliani – Rudy Guliani ran under the slogan of effective policing and ending crimes to restore the quality of life in New York. This slogan won him the Mayoralty of New York in 1990 with a narrow margin over David Dinkins who was perceived to have poor control over the criminalities in New York. Rudy was known to have significantly reduced crime and cleaned New York of its rogue elements. He was famous for implementing his â€Å"Broken Window† approach that any disorder in the city, however small, should be dealt with firmly (Sapir, 2009). Guiliani’s â€Å"broken windows† posits that by being firm against small crimes, it sends a message that serious crime will surely not be tolerated also and such, reduction of crimes will follow (The Vancouver Province, 2008). During Guiliani’s term as a mayor, the drop of crime rates in New York exceeded all national figures. Frank Zimring in his book The Great Crime Decline concluded that the drop in crime rate in New York was a result of serious policing of Guiliani’s administration (2006). Guiliani’s term ended in 2001, the same year of the infamous September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. Being famous of how he handled the 9/11 crisis â€Å"he tried to overturn term limits so he could run again but was rebuffed† (Rudin, 2009). He instead endorsed Michael Bloomberg for the mayoralty race under the slogan of fighting crime as Guiliani reminding New Yorkers about â€Å"the fear of going out at night and walking the streets," and suggesting that if Bloomberg were to lose, "this city could very easily be taken back in a very different direction — it could very easily be taken back to the way it was with the wrong political leadership (Rudin, 2009)". Bloomberg won by a narrow margin. c. Michael Bloomberg – unlike Guiliani, Michael Bloomberg was able to run for a third term when he successfully passed a bill through the New York City Council in 2009 that removes term limits which in

Criminology research proposal- To what extent is employee theft Proposal

Criminology - To what extent is employee theft effecting busness - Research Proposal Example This new aspect has threatened to derail business progress of many companies, with competitor firms easily finding ways to fix the subject firms using such secrets. Based on various statistics, as brought out by Walsh (2000), approximately 75% of employees have at one time or another been involved in employee theft, with a vast majority of the group having perpetrated the act multiple times. This, he notes, stems from mistreatment of an employee by the firm, a prospect that creates an urge of retaliation among the employees. In addition, the problem of employee theft has been proposed to result from underpayment of the workers. In some cases though, the employees are encouraged into adopting the vice due to lack of stringent regulatory and punitive measures. Indeed, the theft cases may hold long-standing effects on the economy and to the employees at personal levels. As such, it is often instrumental for appropriate response procedures to be adopted to withstand such cases. For instance, many firms have often been encouraged into adopting stringent regulations which, nevertheless, impact negatively on business performance. Therefore, it is nota ble that the measures adopted so far have been less effective considering the increase in incidences of theft and consequent collapses and insolvencies among many traditional firms. This study is based on various objectives around which the aspect of employee theft revolves. Firstly, the study seeks to determine the internal and external business factors that precipitate employee theft. The study also seeks to determine the probable impacts of the theft cases to social and economic setups within and without the firm, and the implications of such business factors to the economy of the UK. In addition, the study seeks to ascertain what globalization and technological advancement in business administration means to employee theft. Further, the

Starbucks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Starbucks - Assignment Example Secondly, before one leaves the premises there is a paper available for leaving opinions (Coffeehouse, n.d.). This way, the company is able to track its clientele’s needs and meet them accordingly. Starbucks organizes its shop as per the customer needs. Once inside, there are various seating spaces for persons ranging from one to five. Additionally, one is able to order for a drink from anywhere by simply pressing a button on the table. Starbucks has managed to maintain its competitive edge judging by the number of its ever-increasing clients despite the emergence of other players in the industry. Nonetheless, Starbucks ought to venture into sale of Mcfood in other countries and States. This is in a bid to fend off competition which could cause problems in the future if competitors capitalize on the company’s weaknesses. At Starbucks managerial control was not witnessed save for one case where the person in charge seemed to have say in almost everything. As to whether this company can maintain its profitability a time like this, the answer would be in affirmative. This is because many of its stores are doing well. Moreover, the invention by its top executive has enabled it to withstand tough competition from Costa coffee. Finally, the company has set high ethical standards where firstly, the staffs are prohibited against any undiplomatic to clients. Secondly, customer complaints are handled in a professional way without any arguments whatsoever (Coffeehouse,

The Role Of Electronic Communication Essay Example for Free

The Role Of Electronic Communication Essay Introduction Advertising, IMC and mass communication are some of the proven methods for achieving maximum results for demonstrating a product for sale. Whether it is movies, FMCGs, industrial electronics or automobiles. General Motors, Procter Gamble and AOL spend $2 billion dollar on advertising. McDonald’s spends $1.3 billion per year on advertising. Warner Brothers, Walt Disney and MGM also spend billions of dollars for advertising of cartoons and movies.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a survey of marketing professionals, it was identified that, media advertising (26 per cent) public relations (25 percent) product placement (13 per cent) opined that these are the worst tools of providing return on investment. Consequent to these opinions, there emerged Integrated brand promotion (IBP) which includes direct marketing, sales promotions and coupons are some of the tools which maximize return on investment.   In spite of all these facts, advertising still continues to be dominant by spending billions of dollars in the media which draws an acceptable fact that advertising is influencing which IBP cannot do for deriving ROI.   â€Å"Integrated Management Communication (IMC) is a process of using promotional tools in a unified way so that a synergistic communication effect is created â€Å" (Thomas C.O,Guinn, p.38) Whereas practice of advertising ethics in the words of Chris moore, Ogilvy and Mather      â€Å"80% of American companies have a written code of ethics and probably 100% of you do too, if you gave it some thought and wrote it down. Ethics happen, or don’t in our relationships with others. Advertisers are in the business of communicating with thousands, even millions of others’ all the time. That gives us thousands or millions of chances to practice what we believe everyday. And try to get it right.† Research question People continue to use television, mobiles, radio, internet, magazines and   newspapers for both domestic and work purposes which gives a clear indication that advertising and communication have speed up the activities of business whether it is in mobiles, electronics or automobiles or FMCGs. H.J.Heinz Company which manufactures green chilli sauce, red chilli sauce, paprika   and   soya sauce has designed its own guidelines for consumer education, public relations, marketing communications and advertising. The company has also its own set of general principles in terms of advertising and communication.  Ã‚   In Darden school of business, there is a team of seven professionals who possess vast experience in communications and marketing.   The impart of education has passed several stages reaching the acme of perfection and innovation. With the above discussion, it cannot be concluded that tech-savvy days have made the role of advertising and communications saturated.   There is still scope for research whereas one definite research question that arises in the minds of companies which is that media that catches the eye of consumer in advertising that sells products faster,   quicker and helps in better target achievement ?. With the availability of world wide web,   advertising, marketing and   selling have become much easier for companies. Another advantage is Internet advertising is proving cost effective for companies as it is tapping millions of customers who are shopping online. Virtualflowers.com sells flowers, gift articles   online and   delivers   the articles and flowers on time all over the world.  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are such other multinational companies such as Microsoft, Dell,   Intel and HP who with the advantage of Internet advertising and marketing have made business a great success by supplying computers, accessories and printers. Research question and explanation    Which is that media that catches the eye of consumer in advertising that sells products faster,   quicker and helps in better target achievement ?. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) has gained excessive prominence as a new paradigm which states some of the facts that television is no longer holds good view for marketing whereas database is considered as powerful tool for marketing.   Old concepts, strategies and single selling messages   are considered to be invalid by companies with the changing tech-savvy times.   Some of the important tools of IMC are direct marketing, event sponsorship, sales promotions, Internet and   public relations.   Every business needs an idea to advertise and market its product. There is required to be a perfect connection or link of communication between a customer and a company using advertising and marketing as an effective tool to convey a message to purchase products while signifying   importance of products along with use and benefits through advertising and marketing. Finelight.com is one professional company which helps to connects customers and products through the medium of powerful communication. Finelight has a bunch of advertisers, marketers, writers, designers, innovators with professional approach in communication.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present buzz of IMC will continue as emphasis is laid on outgoing message in communication. Multinational companies by far have been very successful by implementing IMC as it covers the entire stratum of models of marketing. viz., (1) customer database (2) strategies (3) tactics or techniques (4) evaluation of results (5) completion of loop begin # 1 again.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alternatively, 4P vs 4Cs   (1) Not product care for consumer (2) Not price, care for cost (3) Not place care for convenience (4) Not promotion care for communication. Discussion on theoretical framework   Information in technology times is immeasurably valuable and customer looks for information in every source and how to utilize and derive benefits in every sphere and stage of life. A heavy and reliable source of information is World Wide Web wherein bundles and scrolls of latest information is available for the benefit of customers. Whereas customer should be able to distinguish between a fake news and an acceptable facts of information. Bluenile.com sells diamonds and pearls online at a reasonable price and ships all over the world.   The company sends product news to its customers in order to take advantage of discount offers and also to entertain customers about its products.   Such email news provided to the customers is of great benefit and customers do not like to shop elsewhere as the customer service is perfect with bluenile.com.  Ã‚   The emphasis here is about the importance of   information and the respect that a customer receives from the company. Whereas there is every possibility for information that gets outdated within no time and information processing is very important for companies in order to keep the customers   updated about products.   World Wide Web entails global competition, quick communication and a constant thrive to stay ahead holding a distinct views and   facts not perceptions about marketing. Fleetboss is a leading developer and distributor of GPS-based fleet management systems. The company has been committed to excellent customer relations and marketing so much that a director has been exclusively appointed for marketing communications which includes media, dealers apart from internal and external communications.   Also directors develops advertising and sales promotions with vast professional experience. Methods    Understanding about customer mindset is the key for effective communication whether it is through Internet, direct selling or magazines, newspapers or mobile marketing. Consumers discard the information that is not important or useful on a day basis. Therefore marketing message must be selected, processed and tested on the following basis: Must be enabled of life experience that can be easily understood and receive the message and concept of communication. e.g. advertisements of deodorants (Axe), Garnier wrinkle lift and Cadbury chocolates. Customer must be related to the idea that is categorized. .e.g. Crack cream that is   useful for women for cracked heels or pain relief external applications for body pains. . Customer must get linked immediately to the communication that is already created in mindset. e.g. Ddamas gold and jewellery advertisement leaves an impact on the customer to search for and buy online. The presentation of message must be acceptable, justifiable and must convey appropriate message. Improper messages are bound to be ignored by the customer which is called as â€Å"judgment system†Ã‚   which means that consumers accept or discard information against what already has been judged to accept, adapt or reject the new material. Rejection of communication proves that sales promotion has been a failure. A marketer who presents non-integrated messages   have to ready to accept risks as the conflicts are bound to arise in the consumer’s information processing. Paypal.com uses mobile communication to send or receive payments from the customers which is directly helpful to customer saving time and easy to get access. No two customer’s taste or choice of purchase is similar with the fact if one customer purchases red roses on line, the other purchases cala lilly flowers. If one customer asks for AMEX card, the other applies for Mastercard.   Especially online identification of customers requires extra care, expert knowledge of human psychology and marketing communication techniques such that the words used on web should be influencing and effective to drive a customer to purchase when visiting web sites for products. Ebay is a globally successful company which is recording sales turnover increasingly as buyers are sellers are enabled to purchase goods online through the medium of auction and brand new sale of goods. World wide web enables electronic payment system, safe delivery of goods and security and encryption of credit cards and debit cards. Business directories, pop-up ads, banner advertisements on web sites, classified ads, search engines such as google, yahoo, overture, sify, rediffmail have been extensively useful in finding products of sale through which these companies have grown to a giant size in a span of less than a decade and still going strong with the growing customer base and innovative selling concepts still pending for testing. Amazon.com and BarnesNobles have a success story in sale of books where latest books are accessed by buyers and purchased. Access to libraries also is a source of cognitive and rationale thinking.  Ã‚   Marketing of products can be communicated through several means via the medium of Internet which is a powerful means of communication as millions are logging to Internet all over the world making www most affordable for online purchases of goods and materials. Literature review    World link Technologies is a broadband solution provider in the city of New York, serving medium and small sized business market providing high-speed data solutions. The company is based on a new business model   (ASPs) focusing only on customer’s needs.   In this world of ever changing of business and commerce, strategies of planning for marketing communication are always under recycling process for renewal of ideas in new millennium. According to an estimate an average American is exposed to 3,000 marketing messages daily via the medium of television, radio, billboard ads, logos on clothes and Internet banners. (Johnson 2001) . Consumer distrust also has increased with the scandals of WorldCom, Arthur Anderson and Enron which were highly reputed until investors were informed about the unethical marketing practices.  Ã‚   This has caused a great attention and a matter of severe concern for multinational companies to practice ethical marketing plans for greater attention of consumers. Emotional selling messages such as ‘soft-sell-approach’ instead of ‘hard-sell’ have been accepted.   PG Web Marketing 2001 launched a ‘seeding approach’ for marketing teeth-whitening product.   This approach considered by experts as a holy grail in twenty-first century marketing communication. ‘We live in interesting times’ – Maurice Levy and Dan O’Donoghue   and these interesting times must be turned to the advantage and benefit of companies as well customers and must not mis-utilised with an acceptable fact that technology, psychology of marketing must sell concepts and products instead of creating scams and scandals. Conclusion    Marketers who are taking the advantage of World Wide Web to market products must take social environments, changing business times and the psychology of a customer.   Consumers always change interests, ideas and choice of purchases. These must be considered coupled with holistic approach in marketing communication.  Ã‚   Internet has carved and shaped several successful multinationals through the medium of marketing communication and this will certainly witness a rapid progress apart from creating employment, selling and buying opportunities, commencement of SMEs   whereas a particular unique business models and marketing communication strategies must be worked out in order to become success on world wide web. References    Books Allen J. (2005) Marketing Communication: New approaches, Technologies,and styles Accessed 1 May 2007 Thomas C.O’Guinn, Christ T.Allen, Richard (2005) Advertising and integrated brand promotion Accessed on 1 May 2007 H.J.Heinz Company Worldwide guidelines Consumer education, Public relations, Marketing communications and Advertising Accessed 1 May 2007 http://www.heinz.com/Communications_guidelines.aspx Fleetboss appoints New Marketing Communications Director following a great success in 2003. Accessed 1 May 207    http://www.fleetboss.com/releases.asp?RELEASE_ID=31 Integrated Marketing Communication    Accessed 1 May 2007    http://www.entarga.com/mktgplan/imc.htm New Business model for ASPs – Marketing communication    Accessed 1 May 2007    http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CMN/is_4_37/ai_62051114    Office of communication and marketing    Accessed 1 May2007    http://www.darden.virginia.edu/html/standard.aspx?menu_id=182id=4524

Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay

Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay This is a quantitative research critique on a study conducted in 2008 in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand. The study investigates the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the northern region of the said country. Four hundred twenty-two subjects were selected to participate in the research and from them data were collected with the use of four different questionnaires. The results revealed that symptom experience had a significant negative direct effect on the HRQOL as opposed to age, social support, antiretroviral treatment and self-care strategies which had significant positive effect on the HRQOL. Furthermore, it was seen that social support and antiretroviral treatment had an indirect effect on the HRQOL through self-care strategies. With these findings, it was recommended that promotion of social support and adherence to antiretroviral treatment must be achieved to enhance the quality of life of people living with HIV/ AIDS. The title is laconically stated which included a minimal number of words but still adequately describes the contents of the paper (Day Gastal, 2006). It is concise yet does not compromise its relevance and does not sound uninteresting. It is briefly put together but still is reasonably extensive to explain the research without overwhelming readers with too much information. Moreover, the title is formulated in a strong and simple manner which is very important in ensuring readers will not be distracted or confused. The title presents the subject of the research which is the health-related quality of life in people living with HIV/ AIDS in the northern region of Thailand. The researchers of this study are Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, Jintana Yunibhand, Sureeporn Thanasilp, and Kathy Magilvy. Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, RN, Msc, Jintana Yunibhand, RN, Msc, PhD, and Sureeporn Thanasilp, RN, Msc, DNS are members of the Faculty of Nursing in Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand while Kathy Magilvy, RN, PhD, FAAN is a professor of the College of Nursing of the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA. With all these academic credentials and qualifications, the researchers can be considered credible personalities in their respective fields of specialties. The research was made by respected professors and registered nurses. All of them have masters degree while Tangkawanich is the only one without a doctoral degree. The article uses an indicative or descriptive abstract to provide a brief summary of the main points of the research (Day Gastal, 2006). Since the research studies a social happening in a quantitative approach, the researchers used this kind of abstract as it describes what transpired during the entire research process. The abstract mentions the condensed form of the research aim, which is to find out the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies and health-related quality of life. The methodology used in conducting the research is mentioned although some information was excluded as they were discussed in detail in the succeeding parts of the research. Four different questionnaires were used to collect data from the 422 respondents chosen for the study. Using the Likert rating scale, the data were analyzed and were then subjected to statistical treatment with SPSS and LISREL. The abstract also reports the maj or findings (Day Gastal, 2006) which show that symptom experience has a significant negative effect on the HRQOL while the other remaining variables had a significant positive effect. Additionally, social support and antiretroviral treatment were also found to have an indirect effect on HRQOL via self-care strategies. Lastly, the abstract of the study suggests a recommendation for the health-care team, together with the family and community, to promote social support and ensure antiretroviral treatment to enhance the quality of living in people living with HIV/ AIDS considering the research findings. It also illustrates the studys significance to clinical practice. The research problem is clearly presented in the introduction of the article as it explains the rationale behind the conduct of this study (Walsh Wigens, 2007). The aim in this study is to investigate the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies and the HRQOL in people living with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand. It examines whether or not relationships between these factors exist, what kind of relationships exists if there are any and how does it implicate the people with the infection and the probable interventions to be taken by health care team as well. The introduction was also able to give a situation about how people with HIV/AIDS in the involved study setting live their lives. It gave a brief discussion about HIV/AIDS which significantly provides a good jumpstart in explaining the entirety of the research. The introduction states the scarcity in research material that focus on the relationships among t he variables identified, HRQOL and PLWHA, establishing the need for the study to be conducted. Although the introduction was able to discuss the major points and variables in the study, it did not include the limitations. Additionally, the introduction also did not explain the main topic from a bigger international scope to a narrow and more specific level (Day Gastal, 2006). In sum, the introduction was able to establish a clear logic, an analysis of previous works, background information and the main purpose of the research (Walsh Wigens, 2003). The wide literature review used in the research was able to give a good background about the major points in the study. However, many other materials still could have been used to further strengthen the studys literature review. It is noteworthy that the study is supported by up to date information which makes it more timely and relevant. The literature review utilised articles from many other researchers whose research outputs have greatly provided helpful data to the study. The description of the present living conditions of the respondents (Sukati et al., 2005), the self-care strategies that they use (Panuwatsuk, 1998), the symptoms and their correlation to HRQOL (Dodd et al. 2001), the current antiretroviral treatment (Heckman 2003), all these and others, were taken from researches conducted from year 2000 through 2007. The literature is able to present in text the theoretical structure from which the study was anchored. With the amount of referenced articles presented in the lit erature, the balanced evaluation of supporting and opposing materials for the proposition is demonstrated. Since only few researches studies were made regarding the indirect effect of the many factors identified on the HRQOL in PLWHA, the necessity to develop a model that could present the direct and indirect effects of the predictors on the HRQOL in PLWHA has clearly risen as stated in the literature review. Moreover, important references were acknowledged accordingly to further reinforce the soundness of the study. Notwithstanding, it may have given an extensive overview on the study, but still it was not able to present a few significant points. Although the literature illustrated a comprehensive background on the study and the variables involved, it did not overtly cite the fundamental theoretical framework. The study is a quantitative research which tries to explain a social phenomenon. This connotes that no alteration of the environment was made and the respondents were not subjected to any form of controlled setting, thus, variables involved are limited. Since this is a quantitative research, it must have a sound hypothesis which will serve as its backbone. But it is not stated instead, an implied hypothesis was used to see whether or not relationships exist among the predictors: age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, self-care strategies and symptom experience on health -related quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS. This is an example of a non-directional hypothesis (Wood Haber, 2006), where the hypothesis being tested is two-sided but can be tested by acquiring data and subjecting them to statistical analysis. The researchers used words that are mostly clear and understandable. They did not use too many jargons in the stud. Abbreviations like HRQOL, PLWHA and HIV/AIDS are also clearly defined to avoid confusion. Terms also have consistent and coherent definitions throughout the study, especially those operationally defined for this research (Walonick, 2005). The study uses a cross-sectional quantitative study with a non-experimental research design in identifying the respondents level of HRQOL in relation to their age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, and self-care strategies. It means that an observational study using a collection of data on one occasion was made with a specific group of population all at the same time (Walsh Wigens, 2003). It is the appropriate method to be used as it gives a snapshot of what happens in a chosen target group or a phenomenon at one point in time (Babbie, 2010). It is also fit for this research as it is commonly used in social and medical science. However, it also has its weakness or limitation since it only captures the data at one specific time as opposed to longitudinal studies which involve a series of measurements taken over a period of time (Babbie, 2010). Being a non-experimental research, no manipulation of the variables was done and there was no attempt made to chan ge the condition, behaviour or the environment of the variables as they are measured and analysed as they are. The respondents were just made to answer questionnaires that will reflect their own personal experience and at the same time provide data for the researchers perusal. The subjects chosen for the study are 422 people living with HIV/AIDS who visited eight chosen outpatient hospitals in the province of Chiang Rai in the northern part of Thailand. Of which, 188 are males and 234 are females, with ages ranging from 21 to 51 years old. The number of respondents may not be sufficient to completely represent the target population in the research setting but in many circumstances, a smaller sample size may be more significant and usable in investigating a situation in depth from different perspectives, while a large sample would be insignificant especially in social researches (Myers, 2000). The researchers employed the lottery method without replacement in randomly selecting eight hospitals out of the seventeen hospitals in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand. A random sampling method was then made to determine the 422 subjects who will be part of the study. They are people living with HIV/ AIDS who visited the eight chosen outpatient hospitals. The use of lottery method in conjunction with simple random sampling makes the selection of respondents more effective and valid as it ignores repeat selections of element and gives more precise estimators (Kalton, 1983). Clearly, the approach used in sample selection and the sample size are undoubtedly stated. The researchers were able to methodically discuss the procedure undertaken in data collection. They used four questionnaires to gather data from the participants: social support questionnaires, symptom experience questionnaire, self-care strategies questionnaire and health-related quality of life questionnaires. Each of these questionnaires has been carefully chosen and drafted for the study. The three questionnaires for social support, self-care strategies and health-related quality were all adapted from previous research while the questionnaire for symptom experience was drafted basing on the review of literature. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were greatly anchored on the internal consistencies used for each questionnaire. The questionnaires are meticulously reviewed by the researcher to ensure its ability to measure what it intends to measure (Foddy, 1993). However, no mention about pilot testing was made and this may be considered one of the studys weaknesses . Creswell (2003) stated that ethical issues arise most commonly in data collection where confidentiality and anonymity are in careful scrutiny. These concerns are recognised and acted upon by the researchers by ensuring respondents were given due protection and their safety is not abridged. The researchers acquired the approval of the Ethical Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects and/or Use of Animals in Research, Health Science Group of Faculties, Colleges and Institutes, Chulalongkorn University, and the Ethical Review Committee for the Biomedical Group, Chiangraiprachanukroh Hospital, Thailand. With human subjects involved in the study, such approval was obtained. The purpose and methods of the study were explained to the participants through the informed consent which acknowledges the participants rights are protected (Creswell, 2003). The results of the study were presented clearly in graphical form and text. The results of the statistical treatment of the data were explained in four concise yet highly informative paragraphs while the demographics of the subjects were presented in a more visual and understandable table (Kumar, 2005). The internal consistencies of the data, using the Cronbachs alpha were also presented accurately, for social support 0.8, for symptom experience which was clustered into six symptoms, fatigue 0.88, nausea 0.92 , diarrhoea 0.93, depression 0.92, neuropathy 0.93 and anxiety 0.92; for self-care strategies 0.77 and finally for HRQOL 0.85. Given all these figures, readers are assured that the results are well calculated and analysed to ensure that high level of validity and reliability is achieved. Four different and highly-structured questionnaires (Overseas Learning Faculty 2004) were used in collecting data. The use of questionnaires is the appropriate technique in obtaining data for cross-sectional designed research or social surveys as it acquires first-hand information from the subjects without alteration or manipulation of their responses (Bryman Bell, 2003). On the other hand, SPSS and LISREL, statistical computer programs that perform higher calculations and structural equation, were used for statistical analysis. Statistical treatments done with the said statistical tool are considered highly correct (Norwegian School of Management, 2009). The results of the data analysis show that path relationships between the variables were investigated to ensure that significant differences are not attributed to variations in other relevant variables. It can also be noted that the data analysis adequately showed the complete information with the test value, degree of freedom and probability for each identified variable, thereby giving more established results. The discussion of the research findings ties together all the pieces of the study and gives a picture of the study as a whole. It relates and translates the figures to literature review thus making it more comprehensible and balanced (Russel, 2002). The researchers were able to go back to literature and discuss that most of their research findings are consistent and similar with the works previously done by other researchers on HRQOL in PLWHA. It also tackled the implications of the subjects socio-economic status, gender, age, social support, antiretroviral treatment, and symptom experience and self-care strategies to their health-related quality of life. The limitation of the study was also acknowledged where the use of cross-sectional model was perceived to be the models weakness since it only gives a snapshot of the existent observable fact at one point in time (Wood Haber, 2006). Thus, it was suggested that future studies should be conducted to further establish the causal relat ionships between the variables longitudinally over a longer period of time to acquire enduring and more reliable research results. The conclusion coheres with and is supported by the results obtained. The researchers conclude that a causal model of HRQOL in PLWHA indicate that most factors have direct and indirect effects on the HRQOL. Consequently, age, social support, antiretroviral treatment, symptom experience, and self-care strategies are considered to be significant factors in explaining and predicting the HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. Furthermore, self-care strategies link social support and antiretroviral treatment with HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. The researchers also presented the implications of the study which are very instrumental in the studys final recommendations. With the findings and conclusions at hand, the researchers strongly recommend feasible propositions to help people living with HIV/AIDS achieve a higher quality of living as they hurdle challenges of immense proportions, including HIV-stigma, lack of social support, and mental health issues such as depression (Jiraphongsa et al., 2009). The researchers gave motivation on the promotion of social support from the family and the community as it was found to be positively correlated with a better quality of life (Fogel, 1998). Observance to antiretroviral treatment, early symptom detection and prompt intervention and practice of self-care strategies must also be ensured to achieve a higher quality of living. The researchers also pointed out the need to conduct future research on this topic to overcome the limitations they met in conducting this academic work for stronger and more reliable results. (2,770 words)

Essay About Family: Inside the Nightstand :: Personal Narrative essay about my family

Inside the Nightstand We live together now, my boyfriend and I. It’s still new to both of us. 41 North State Street- that’s us. The quiet apartment lined by two rows of cement drive, an oak tree, and his step-mother’s opinion that we are â€Å"too young to be living together seriously.† We share our bedroom, square in shape, with the bed pressed tightly to the far wall, curtains embracing the narrow sides of the mattress. It’s ours- the bed, the room, the oak tree, and the way my toothpaste sticks to the sides of the white sink. The toothpaste doesn’t bother me, but it’s something I’m working on. We’re still getting use to all this. Sharing a bathroom is what we’re working on at the moment. Home alone I find myself organizing- shiny silverware drawers, old, half-bent novels, rows of mismatched socks. My mother calls and tells me I must get out more. I opt instead for making the bed in our square shaped room, but not before casting myself between the sheets, my bare back feeling warm against the patch of sun-stricken cotton. Beside the bed is the nightstand. My face shines innocently in a picture of myself taken with my father at age four. His dark bushy hair and matching 80’s mustache contrast with the pale frame of my body sitting on the counter beside him. Near that is the picture of my best friend Erin and me. We were in Paris. The close frame of the picture cuts off anything below our necks, hiding her belly that has recently become home to a tiny son- due to arrive early January. Inside the nightstand many things sit quiet: an old red wallet, a shirt with a broken left strap, a journal, and a stack of pictures from my 21st birthday party. I open the wallet to see if, by chance, I was smart enough to leave myself some backup cash. The slots inside lay empty, bent over from years of wear and tear. I remember how I used some of my graduation money from high school to buy this wallet.

Proposed Technique for Sidelobes Suppression

Chapter 4 PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR SIDELOBES SUPPRESSION As seen in old chapters, there are many sidelobes suppression techniques proposed but most of these proposed sidelobe suppression techniques are non good balanced between the complexness and public presentation. The available techniques have their ain advantages and disadvantages in footings of design, execution or may impact the other factors which consequences in hapless overall efficiency. So in this thesis work we are suggesting Correlative cryptography as another sidelobes one of the suppression method which can be utilized for cut downing the sidelobes power significantly. Before that, allow us see some basic thought about correlativity cryptography. So far, we have considered the inter symbol intervention as an inauspicious happening which produces a debasement in the system public presentation. Undeniably, its name itself describes a nuisance consequence. However, by adding inter symbol intervention to the familial signal in a controlled or known mode, it is possible to accomplish a spot rate of 2B0spots per second in a channel of bandwidth B0Hz. These techniques are calledcorrelate cryptographyorpartial-responsesignaling techniques. Since, correlate cryptography strategy is based on the sum of ISI introduced into familial signal. So, the sum of ISI in familial signal is known. The consequence of this ISI can be compensated at the receiving system from the known measure of the ISI.Duobinary signalingThe basic thought of correlate cryptography will now be illustrated by sing the specific illustration of duobinary signaling, where â€Å"duo† implies duplicating of the transmittal capacity of a consecutive double star system. See a binary input sequence { BK} dwelling of uncorrelated binary figures each holding continuance TBseconds, with symbol 1 represented by a pulsation of amplitude +1 V, and symbol O by a pulsation of amplitu de -1 V. When this sequence is applied to a duobinary encoder, it is converted into three-level end product, viz. , -2, 0 and +2 Vs. To bring forth this transmutation, we may utilize the strategy shown in figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: Duobinary signaling strategy. The binary sequence { BK} is first passed through a simple filter affecting a individual hold component. For every unit impulse applied to the input of this filter, we get two unit impulse spaced TBseconds apart at the filter end product. We may therefore show the figure degree CelsiusKat duobinary programmer end product as the amount of the present binary figure BKand its old value Bk-1, as shown by CK=bK+bk-1— — — — — — – ( 17 ) One of the effects of the transmutation describe by ( 17 ) is to alter the input sequence { BK} of uncorrelated binary figures into a sequence { degree CelsiusK} of correlative figures. This correlativity between the next familial degrees may be viewed as presenting intersymbol intervention into the familial signal in an unreal mode. However, this inter symbol intervention is under the designer’s control, which is the footing of correlate cryptography. An ideal hold component, bring forthing a hold of TBseconds, has the transportation map exp ( -j2?fTB) , so that the transportation map of the simple filter shown in figure 18 is 1+exp ( -j2?fTB) . Hence, the overall transportation map of this filter connected in cascade with the ideal channel Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is H ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ 1+ exp ( -j2?fTB) ] = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ exp ( j?fTB) + exp ( – j?fTB) ] exp ( -j?fTB) = 2 Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) cos ( ?fTB) exp ( – j?fTB )— — — — — — ( 18 ) For an ideal channel of bandwidth B0=RB/2, we have Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) = — — — — — — – ( 19 ) Therefore the overall frequence response has the signifier of a half-cycle cosine map, as shown by Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) = — — — — — — – ( 20 ) For which the amplitude response and stage response are as shown in figure 4.2 ( a ) and figure 4.2 ( B ) , severally. An advantage of this frequence response is that it can be easy approximated in pattern. Figure 4.2: frequence response of duobinary transition filter The corresponding value of the impulse response consists of two sinc pulsations, clip displayed by TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) — — — — — – ( 21 ) Which is shown aforethought in figure 4.3.We see that the overall impulse response H ( T ) has merely two distinguishable value at the trying blink of an eyes. Figure 4.3: Impulse response of duobinary transition filter. The original informations { BK} may be detected from the duobinary-coded sequence { degree CelsiusK} by deducting the old decoded binary figure from the presently received digit degree CelsiussKin conformity with equation ( 17 ) . Specifically, allowing bI‚Kstand for the estimation of the original binary figure BKas conceived by the receiving system at clip t equal to kTB, we have bI‚K= cK– bI‚k-1— — — — — — ( 22 ) It is evident that if degree CelsiussKis received without mistake and if besides the old estimation bI‚k-1at clip t= ( k-1 ) ThymineBcorresponds to a right determination, so the current estimation bI‚Kwill be right excessively. The technique of utilizing a stored estimation of the old symbol is called determination feedback. We observe that the sensing process merely described is basically an opposite of the operation of the simple filter at the sender. However, a drawback of this sensing procedure is that one time mistakes are made, they tend to propagate. This is due to the fact that a determination on the current binary figure BKdepends on the rightness of the determination made on the old binary figure Bk-1. A practical agency of avoiding this mistake extension is to utilize precoding before the duobinary cryptography, as shown in fig 6.11. The precoding operation performed on the input binary sequence { BK} converts it into another binary sequence { aK} defined by aK= BK+ ak-1modulo-2 — — — — — – ( 23 ) Modulo-2 add-on is tantamount to the exclusive-or operation. An exclusive-or gate operates as follows. The end product of an exclusive-or gate is a 1 if precisely one input is a 1: otherwise, the end product is a 0. The ensuing precoder end product { aK} is following applied to the duobinary programmer, thereby bring forthing the sequence { degree CelsiusK} that is related to { aK} as follows: degree CelsiussK= aK+ ak-1— — — — — ( 24 ) Note that unlike the line drive operation of duobinary cryptography, the precoding is a nonlinear operation. We assume that symbol 1 at the precoder end product in figure 4.4 is represented by +1 V and symbol 0 by -1 V. Figure 4.4: A precoded duobinary strategy. Therefore, from equation ( 22 ) and ( 23 ) , we find that CK=  ±2 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 0 0 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 1 — — — — — ( 25 ) From equation ( 25 ) we deduce the undermentioned determination regulation for observing the original input binary sequence { BK} from { degree CelsiusK} : BK= Symbol 0 if |cK| & A ; gt ; 1 V Symbol 1 if |cK| & A ; lt ; 1 V — — — — – ( 26 ) Harmonizing to equation ( 26 ) , the decipherer consists of a rectifier, the end product of which is compared to a threshold of 1 V, and the original binary sequence { BK} is thereby detected. A block diagram of the sensor is shown in figure 4.5. A utile characteristic of this sensor is that no cognition of any input sample other than the present one is required. Hence, mistake extension can non happen in the sensor of figure 4.5. Figure 4.5: Detector for retrieving original binary sequence from the precoded duobinary programmer end product.Modified Duobinary signalingThe modified duobinary technique involves a correlativity span of two binary figures. This is achieved by deducting input binary figures spaced 2TBseconds apart, as indicated in the block diagram of figure 4.6. The end product of the modified duobinary transition filter is related to the sequence { aK} at its input as follows: degree CelsiussK= aK– ak-2— — — — — ( 27 ) Figure 4.6: Modified duobinary signaling strategy. Here, once more, we find that a three degree signal is generated. If aK=  ±1 V, as assumed antecedently, degree CelsiussKtakes on one of three values: 2, 0, and -2 Vs. The overall transportation map of the tapped-delay-line filter connected in cascade with the ideal channel, as in figure 4.6, is given by H ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ 1- exp ( -j4?fTB) ] = 2j Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( – j2?fTB) — — — — — – ( 28 ) Where Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is as define in equation ( 19 ) . We, hence, have an overall frequence response in the signifier of half-cycle sine map, as shown by H ( degree Fahrenheit ) =2j wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( -j2?fTB) |degree Fahrenheit| ? RoentgenB/2 0 otherwise — — — — — – ( 29 ) The corresponding amplitude response and stage response of the modified duobinary programmer are shown in figure 4.7 ( a ) and 4.7 ( B ) , severally. Amplitude responsePhase responseFigure 4.7: Frequency response of modified duobinary transition filter. The impulse response of the modified duobinary programmer consists of two sinc pulsations that are time-displaced by 2TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) — — — — — – ( 30 ) This impulse response is plotted in figure 4.8, which shows that it has three distinguishable degrees at the trying blink of an eyes. Figure 4.8: Impulse response of modified duobinary transition filter In order to extinguish the possibility of mistake extension in the modified duobinary system, we use a precoding process similar to that used for duobinary instance. Specifically, prior to the coevals of the modified duobinary signal, a modulo-2 logical add-on is used on signals 2TBseconds apart, as shown by aK= BK+ ak-2modulo-2 — — — — — – ( 31 ) Where { BK} is the input binary sequence and { aK} is the sequence at the precoder end product. Note that modulo-2 add-on and modulo-2 minus are same. The sequence { aK} therefore produce is so applied to the modified duobinary transition filter. In instance of figure 4.6, the end product digit degree CelsiussKpeers 0, +2, or -2 Vs. Besides we find that BKcan be extracted from degree CelsiusKby ignoring the mutual opposition of degree CelsiusK, as was done with the duobinary technique. Specifically, we may pull out the original sequence { BK} at the receiving system utilizing the undermentioned determination regulation: BK= Symbol 0 if |cK| & A ; lt ; 1 V Symbol 1 if |cK| & A ; gt ; 1 V — — — — — ( 32 )Generalized signifier of Correlative CodingThe duobinary and modified duobinary techniques have correlativity spans of one binary figure and two binary figures, severally. It is consecutive frontward affair to generalise these two strategies to other strategies, which are known jointly as correlate cryptography strategies. This generalisation is shown in figure 4.9, where Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is defined in equation ( 18 ) . Figure 4.9: Generalized correlate cryptography strategy. It involves the usage of a tapped hold line filter with tap weights tungsten0tungsten1, ,tungsten2, w3†¦wN-1.Specifically, a correlate sample degree CelsiusKis obtained from a ace place of N consecutive input sample values bK, as shown by N-1 degree CelsiussK= ? tungstenNBk-n— — — — — — ( 33 ) n=0 Therefore by taking assorted combinations of whole number values for the tungstenN,we can obtain different signifiers of correlate coding strategies to accommodate single applications. For illustration, In duo-binary instance we have tungsten0= +1 tungsten1= +1 and tungstenN= 0 for n?2. In modified duo-binary instance we have tungsten0= +1 tungsten1= 0 tungsten2= -1 and tungstenN= 0 for n?3. Correlative cryptography is an efficient transmittal technique on bandlimited digital communications. Correlative cryptography introduces memory or correlativity to the transmitted informations watercourse in clip Domain, in a manner that the power spectrum of the transmitted bandlimited signal is shaped to exhibit gradual roll-off to band borders. This spectral belongings dramatically reduces the sum of inordinate intersymbol intervention at the receiving system when the symbol timing is non absolutely synchronized. Particularly, correlatively coded OFDM has been widely used to supply high grade of hardiness against deep slices, and is much more popularly known as pre-coded OFDM. Despite these abundant applications, correlate cryptography is ne'er used in OFDM for spectral defining. Correlative cryptography is adopted to determine the signal spectrum of the rectangular pulsed OFDM signals with an effort to accomplish high spectral concentration. Chapter 5 RESULT ANALYSIS Matrix Laboratory [ MATLAB ] is a imitating tool which is used to demo all the consequences. As we have discussed in the old subdivisions, ab initio we will bring forth an OFDM signal and look into the sidelobe degrees for the generated OFDM. An OFDM signal is generated for the figure of bearersNitrogenas 128 and using a BPSK transition strategy for transition. Figure 5.1: The generated OFDM signal The power spectrum methods like Periodogram and Welch’s method were ab initio carried out for spectral appraisal but the consequences of which were non satisfactory. So Multitaper spectral appraisal technique was used to bring forth the power spectrum of the OFDM signal. As we discussed in item about the multitaper spectrum analysis in subdivision 2.4.2, the stairss has been followed and the spectrum of OFDM is generated utilizing MATLAB package. Figure 5.2 illustrate the spectrum of above generated OFDM. Figure 5.2: PSD of the generated OFDM. As we discussed in the subdivision 4.1 and 4.2, the duobinry, modified duobinary cryptography is implemented. Figure 5.3 and 5.4 represent the duobinary coded OFDM and its PSD severally. Figure 5.5 and 5.6 represent the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal and its PSD severally. Figure 5.3: Duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.4: PSD of the duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.5: Modified duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.6: PSD of the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal. The figure 5.7 will exemplify the PSD comparing of all 3 PSD’s in a individual graph as follows. Figure 5.7: PSD comparing of OFDM, duobinary coded OFDM, Modified duobinary coded OFDM. 1